Advertising and Fashion Retailing Project Report

It is no longer a question of identifying your customers by age, geography or income, but looking into how and why they buy, based on their DOD, beliefs and the occasion. So far as in marketing field consumer buying is mainly based on either knowledge or perceived needs. When we had different surveys at different universities and colleges and in different gatherings related to fashion we came to know about that consumer comes across many genuine problems while purchasing different products and services(especially related to fashion products).It is important for a good marketing manager to have a sharp eye over these problems irrespective to the locality of retailing of your product. These can be classified as * Problem/Need Recognition * Information search Evaluation of different purchase options. * Purchase decision More over there are many other factors which have a great influence on buying habits of a customer. These are some common factors which ought to be in mind of those who want to enter in any pre-teen market. Next was to listen to the habits of those where we want to place our product.Near FIFO mark, we felt the smell of both the middle class and elite class. Also it is great opportunity to enter into a market where your regular customers come to buy product forebear by shops. So you need to make your market from scratch because some of the marketing home is already done by your competitors. It's a common belief that nomenclature's INFLUENCES his/her behavior the most. Obviously this culture helps them developing these opinions, attitudes and beliefs. These factors will influence their purchase behavior.However other factors like groups of friends, or people they look up to may influence their choices of purchasing a particular product or service. Marketing and advertising obviously influence consumers in trying to evoke them to purchase a particular product or service. People's social status will also impact their behavior. What is their role within society? Are they Actors? Doctors? Office worker? And mothers and fathers. The lifestyle of someone who earns 250000Rs would clearly be different from someone who earns 2500 RSI. Also celebrities have an influence on buying decision.So for the reason we have also requested SOFIA EMIR and NAOMI ANSI to come at our exhibition as a chief guest. Whether the person is extrovert (out going and spends on entertainment) or introvert (keeps to themselves and purchases via online or mail order) again has an impact on the types of purchases made. I would love to code here a theory of â€Å"ABRAHAM MASON'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS†. He suggests individuals aim to meet basic psychological needs of hunger and thirst. When this has been met they then move up to the next stage of the hierarchy. Hence, we have to reach to the level to Pakistani society and culture.So Mason's concept is useful for marketers as it can help them understand and develop consumer needs and wants. We are not unaware of t he fact as this directly point out the economic condition of PAKISTAN. We tried to not to make our products and services in access major for middle class. This is one of our marketing strategy as well as social responsibility. FASHION FORECASTING Fashion forecasting is a crucial and complex marketing strategy which requires a complete hold on marketing research. Fashion forecasting is the prediction of mood, behavior and buying habits of the consumer.ALLURE will be the future efficient indicator to forecast the direction in which fashion will move. Fashion forecasting will be our solid link to create a good market. We will look for prophetic as well as profitable styles and ideas that capture the mood of the times and signal a new fashion trend. We are well aware of the fact that if we need aloud on to fashion role s a pioneer and want to enhance its brand image, fashion has to continue to innovate. The task of fashion fore casting will be accomplished by the managers (owner of bout ique) as we are done with our complete study on fashion marketing.Forecasting of fashion is an initial step which is then understood, practiced and then applied. Forecasting the future demand for particular styles, fabrics and colors is an important aspect of the fashion industry. It's a common routine of textiles specialists that they work for two year ahead to determine general guidelines for each fashion season. This is because of when once some fashion is forecasted then it takes about 1-2 year of regular hard work to take the fashion from our mind to the practical market.Forecasting of fashion can be divided into two categories: * Short term fashion forecasting * Long term fashion forecasting For us as we are going to setup a preteen market we decided to work on short term forecasting. At a introduction stage of our boutique hireling so much labor and services for the purpose of forecasting of fashion won't be a great idea. As discussed earlier this Job will be done by us (owne rs). Later on we will subscribe to one or more arrives, whose Job will be to scan the market and report on the developments in color, textiles and style directions.Major trends in lifestyles, attitude and culture in particular music, sport, cinema and television are used to predict changing consumer demand. This process involves the following activities such as studying market conditions, noting the life style of the people, researching sales statistics, evaluating popular designer collections, surveying fashion publications, observing street fashions etc French companies based in Paris have traditionally dominated fashion forecasting. The point arises that why are we lacking behind and how are they leading us.Forecasting is more than Just attending runway shows and picking out potential trends that can be knocked off at lower prices (although that is part of it) but this is a wrong practice which is being followed by our so called fashion National designers. Instead they need to un derstand that it is a process that spans shifts in color and styles, changes in lifestyles and buying patterns. The keywords behind the successful fashion forecasting is good consumer research, color forecasting, textile development, range of shows (operating over the 16 months preceding counterbalancing Innovation, Cultural Indicators etc.Keeping a fact in the mind we have made a unique collection of . After the forecasting based on practical figures we hope that the collection we are going to present on exhibition will be a complete innovative collection among all boutiques. When we started our research on colors and upcoming styles it looked a little difficult but as soon as we got into it completely, things became clearer. Making decisions about expected favorable colors of next summer was crucial task. Different experimental shows, runways and large or small exhibitions we managed to do help us a lot in this matter.We came to know about the taste of people of segmented market a nd their positive and negative response about different outfit's colors and embellishments and all. By the grace of God most of the times people respond with great appreciation and thus we got our stray to achieve our goal. INCOME LEVEL Frequent losses are expected in the first few years of any operations due to initial investments and expenditures but once we are stabilized, this boutique will become a good source of income for us. Entry Barriers I . Large Indian and multinational companies hold around 65% of the market.

Economic Instruments For Protecting The Environment Economics Essay

Economic instrument ‘s aim is to alter the behavior of environmental devastation by puting cost on the polluters while statute law ‘s aim is to alter the polluter ‘s behavior by puting Torahs or restricting some patterns. Traditionally, both authoritiess and concerns have preferred to utilize legislative instruments over economic instruments as environmental policy. It is because they think economic instruments is can non alter the behavior of polluter straight and certain sums of uncertainness are involved. From the position of authoritiess, they afraid rising prices may be caused by extra charges and the low-income group will be affected by the unsought distribution consequence. The populace may believe that companies can obtain the pollution right if they able to pay for the pollution charges. Similarly, from the position of concerns, they do non prefer to utilize economic instruments since the costs would be increased by the extra charges, and they have influence on statute law by dialogue. Charge is the most common manner under price-based step. A monetary value that polluters have to pay for what environmental pollution they have done can be considered as charge ( OECD, 1989 ) . Charges can be classified as user charges, merchandise charges and wastewater charges. To forestall resource maltreatment, users of resource should pay for user charges. To promote recycling or discourage disposal, the merchandise monetary value would be added by the merchandise charges. To forestall H2O pollution, wastewater charges would be used and the payments depend on constituents and measure of a company ‘s sewerage. Normally, authoritiess would maintain the wastewater charges at a low degree in order to forestall equivocation of charges by illegal dumping. There several statements about the effectivity of price-based steps and legislative steps on pollution control. Literature reviews about these statements is presented in the undermentioned paragraphs. The principle The environmental economic experts, such as Schelling ( 1983 ) , Pearce et Al. ( 1989 ) , Tietenberg ( 1990 ) and Ekins, P. ( 1999 ) outline a standard position in texts and articles. There are arguments that decrepitude of environmental is because of the system of market failed to add environmental value. Savage and Hart ( 1993, p. 3 ) indicated that most of economic sciences believe that â€Å" doing the polluters to obey on the mechanism of market is the most effectual ways to undertake with jobs of environment † : A monetary value should be placed to people who want to utilize environmental resources till to guarantee that the societal costs are non larger than the societal benefits. So there costs and benefits should be measured. In order to do the benefit and costs to be mensurable, the environment should be turned into marketable. Then there have a pollution rights markets, presenting subsidies or revenue enhancements as monetary values to reflect pollution cost to society and cost of pollution right quotas. ( Savage and Hart, 1993 ) Measures under market-based are similar to price-based step that puting a monetary value and finding demand on the sum of pollution discharged ( Schelling, 1983 ) : The disposition of economic experts to work outing the market jobs is an ideologically based one: their major basicss come from the perceptual experience of Adam Smith that self-interest universe ‘s single development, in a competitory market system and societal benefits are maximized. The economic sciences is entrenched by this tradition doctrine that most of economic experts probably do non recognize, except they go out into the non -economists ‘ universe, that it is a moral doctrine premise†¦ ( Kelman, 1983, p. 297 ) Although it is non persuaded by every economic expert, the attack of neoclassical which the environmental economic sciences ranges and surveies cover this doctrine ( Rosewarne, 1993 ) . In the world, given the markets workings and the imperfectness is well-elaborated and problems related to it ( Moran and Wright, 1991 ) what indicated that environmental economic sciences and statements of sustainable development issue are dominated by the neoclassical economic sciences. Internalizing costs of environmental Some resources of environmental – for illustration purchasing and merchandising environmental resources in the market though the true cost of acquiring the environmental resource ever does non indicated from their monetary values since the monetary values are non include the cost in the environmental devastation. Other resources of environment, for case, there are non paid at all in utilizing clean H2O and therefore economic experts viewed as free. There are arguments between economic experts that environmental assets are likely to be raddled or mistreated as the monetary values are excessively low. The statements between the economic sciences that external benefits and costs that market minutess are non considered as â€Å" internalized † by altering monetary values. The external cost which is caused by the company from supplying services or goods is apt to pay or this. Charges or revenue enhancement is a possible ways to work out this job ( Bailey, 2002 ) . For case, dumping the sewerage into the watercourse by the company, and so the cost of lost leisure environment is covered by bear downing a fee. Price-based instruments for illustration, charges and revenue enhancements, are theoretical to do external costs portion of the polluter ‘s consideration. Although jurisprudence besides can restrict the pollution discharge to the, the economic experts still prefer utilizing make-based for the pollution control. Advocated by economic instruments, Thomas Schelling ( 1983, p. thirteen ) , states Environmental Protection Incentives in his book that â€Å" if pricing mechanisms is designed good, it can acquire regulative criterions with good – designed and reasonable. † And all parties believe that legislative instruments can non be to the full replaced by economic instruments. Practically, the environmental policy should be a mix of market-based instruments, criterions and Torahs. The optimum pollution degree is theoretical to be the degree at cleaning cost equal the environmental harm cost ( Samuelson, 1954 ) . Some economic experts debate that making the optimum harm degree is the most efficient in market. Since optimum degree of harm or pollution is ever non zero, many people feel unusual and abhorrent. But the optimum degree is the cardinal premise of the theory of internalising costs under price-based instruments. If the environmental harm cost is equal to the monetary value charge, theoretically, the pollution will be cleaned up by the house until the residuary charge would be less than the incremental pollution decrease. It means that the degree of pollution decrease addition until the charge payment is less expensive than the pollution decrease. It is efficient economically since the benefits will be offset if more costs of excess pollution control are spent by polluter. To the society, it seems non an optimum solution. However, economic experts debate that the societal cost caused by polluters is non in the worst place if they had paid to all cost of pollution riddance and there is no worse to society sine the company counterbalance the harm by paying to the authorities. Theoretically, the companies ‘ payment in the charges form is a method to rectify their harm on the environment ( Beder, 1996 ) However, there are diverges between theory and world. The first consideration is whether the fortunes of environmental devastation can be corrected by enforcing monetary value on the polluters, world and theory diverge issues. The 2nd consideration is whether the pollution charges collected are used to undertake environmental jobs. Argument comes out that the society is still no worse – off if we spent the money on something every bit valuable. But this position is difficult to accept by the pollution suffer. The other statement is presuming that the replacing environmental benefit by purchasing other benefits on the market. Yet, countering by conservationists that other goods can non replace the environmental quality ( Goodin, 1992 ) and that human -made capital and natural can non replace absolutely ( Costanza and Folke, 1994 ) . Actually, the costs internalized assume that wage for the environmental devastation is most preferred to avoiding the devastation. There besides have a theory premise that the optimum harm point is that the cost of pollution decrease is more dearly-won and dearly-won while the environmental addition is smaller and smaller ( see Fig.1 ) . The thought based by this rule that if company changes production procedure by adding pollution control equipment can accomplish the purpose of pollution decrease. In the long term, these production processes alteration may assist companies salvage money. This can non be easy assumed that the environmental devastation done is equal to the charges. Daly and Cobb ( 1989 ) indicate that, â€Å" economic loss ‘s rating is capable to uncertainness and broad divergency, but non physical consequence merely. † Practically, regulative bureaus and authoritiess do non seek to associate external costs to revenue enhancements or charges. Charges can be used to obtain income to cover the costs of programme to undertake jobs of pollution. However, charges normally are designed to make an inducement for polluters to minimise the discharges. So this reflects that the costs of devastation they cause are non to the full paid by polluters. Therefore, the economic instrument ‘s major purpose is to internalise environmental costs and seeking the optimum pollution degree. However, it is hard to accomplish. Environmental effectivity and inducements Jacobs ( 1993 ) points out economic experts argue that enforcing costs, even though the polluting activity ‘s existent environmental costs are non internalized, but pollution decrease inducement is provided for houses and money can be saved as a consequence. There besides an statement that regulative criterions may do certain company achieve pre-determined bound marks, but there may be deficiency of inducement for company to cut down farther pollution while prove-based instruments provide fiscal inducement. Stavins and Whitehead ( 1992 ) advocated that â€Å" go on actuating the companies to better the fiscal public presentation by engineering development. Then the companies can cut down the pollutant outputs. † If the economic instruments are decently structured, the companies can be motivated to follow and prosecute in betterment and invention uninterrupted † ( Grabosky, 1993 ) . Economic determinism assumes that the desirable technological alterations will automatically happen under suited economic conditions ( Baranzini et al. , 2000 ) . Under this position, the political and societal factors are non considered by technological development. There is so much scholarship in the scientific discipline and engineering surveies ‘ academic subject that the technological developments have been based ( MacKenzie and Wajcman, 1985 ; Bijker et al. , 1987 ) . Although enforcing monetary values to companies for the environmental harm may give force per unit area on it to minimise the charges, we can non guarantee that the company will make so in the countries where imposing charges. ( Rosenberg, 1976, Chapter 23 ) . Using new engineering and means to go through the in other operation parts or go through the cost to the client is more inexpensive and profitable manner o cut down the environmental cost The effectivity of inducement is mostly depending on the sums of subsidy or charge or revenue enhancement is imposed. If it is low, company may non alter their engineering in order to moo the environmental cost, the consequence is small. ( Jacobs, 1993, p. 7 ) . There are many surveies indicated that the inducement is low if the charges are excessively low. ( Postel, 1991, p. 32 ; Stavins and Whitehead, 1992, p. 31 ; Barde and Opschoor, 1994, p. 25 ) Theoretically, there is no account why instruments of statute law failed to make a invention motive to better the public presentation continually. ( Ashford et al. , 1985 ; Caldart and Ryan, 1985 ; Cramer and Zegveld, 1991 ) . For case, Caldart and Ryan ( 1985 ) argument that economic conditions and engineerings are non bound regulative attacks. It is means that the legislative instruments could non promote company to transport out more technological invention in order to alter economic fortunes. Practically, policy shaper rarely take this attack for the similar ground. Because high adequate charges are rarely levied since they are excessively disquieted about reaction of industry. Regulating within the technological model and bing economic is preferred by them. Environmental statute law can curtail the discharges level that should be met and the technological type that should be used such as establishing on attacks of Best Practicable Technology ( BPT ) and Best Available Technology ( BAT ) . It has conventionally been believed that the technological kinds are restricted by policy shapers will harm to innovation activities in the United States. In Australia, policy shapers have non advised company what criterion of engineering should be used. Alternatively, the criterions of discharges have been set which based on the bing engineerings. As a consequence, there is incentive to alter engineering since the criterion is sensible to accomplish, but non merely an environmental end ( Beder, 1989 ) . The cause of neglecting to make inducements through the legislative instruments or monetary value based instruments is same. In both instances, the authorities establishments ‘ strengthens, the politicians ‘ willingness, and the extent of community engagement and review are decisive factors. There are different jobs of policy instruments are listed by J. Rees ( 1988, p. 175 ) : First, the ends of policies are often conflicting, confused and switching. Second, the procedure of execution can non, and does non, running along consistent, clear ends-means lines. Last, the policy instruments are manipulated by the involvement groups within both the regulation governments and the regulated community. Brian Wynne ( 1987, pp. 4-5 ) besides points out the viing involvements ‘ interaction necessity to the standard executions. For illustration, the interested parties are regulated and regulative authorization, authorities and nearby community. It normally includes dialogue, version and via media. Rees suggests that economic mechanisms, advocate slope to do the premise that â€Å" the control system of pollution is chiefly composed of economically rational pollution shapers and enterprisers running without capital, organisational, perceptual and proficient restrictions. This is non the instance. For case, although the cost to change the production procedure or put in pre-treatment equipment may be lower than the charges in the long term, most companies are non willing to put on the initial cost payment. However, there is no pick for companies in the legislative instruments. Rees said that there are several surveies have shown 25 % -30 % polluters do non understand the system of pricing which may hold radically different degrees of payment significantly if the sewerage ‘s volume or strength composing of the discharge can be changed by polluter ( Rees, 1988, p. 184 ) . Many polluters do non cognize how to alter the methods of pollution decrease and seek the most favorable determinations in the involvement of themselves. Cost effectivity and economic efficiency Under the price-based steps, the environmental costs are failed to be internalized and inducement for alteration engineering is less than the legislative steps. Then economic experts argue that price-based steps are more cost-efficient and economically efficient than legislative steps. They point out that the regulative criterion imposes a high cost load on the company and hinders the growing of economic. During 1970s and 1980s, statute law has been characterized by Stavins and Whitehead that costs are non regarded in the execution. They prefer protecting environment by market-based inducement as the other options: aˆÂ ¦the ordinances impact on the economic strength and its competitory ability in international markets are heightened concernedaˆÂ ¦ under the ordinance, behavior is dictated and net income chances are removed. Then, unneeded loads on the economic system are placed and more effectual environmental engineerings are stifled. Economic instruments claim that ordinances are non cost-efficient. It is because the ordinances require emanations from all companies to run into unvarying criterions, but non see whether they have ability to run into them. Installing peculiar pollution control engineerings in the companies are required by the ordinances but there is no consideration on whether the companies affordable for them. Although the ordinances can better the quality of environment, the cost is excessively high. On the other manus, economic instruments are said to allow that concern should portion the pollution control load in an effectual manner. ( Stavins and Whitehead, 1992, p.9 ) The suggestion is come from that the pollution decrease of the some companies are less expensive than others. So, it is sensible expect that these companies reduces more pollution is more effectual than the other companies for whom it would be non cheaply. In this manner, the pollution control ‘s fringy cost is accomplishing an excess unit of pollution decrease ‘s extra cost. So, the concerns ‘ fringy costs of pollution control would be equalized. For case, the rate of pollution discharge fee is aggregate to all companies. The companies will happen that cut downing the pollution discharge is cheaper to pay the fee if the decrease of pollution cost is more than the discharge fee payment. However, in most instances frequently show that, economic instruments save cost are non due to implementing pollution decrease. Jacobs ( 1993 ) point out that the efficiency is an statement of theory but non an empirical one and provides the illustration in the follow: The sewerage charges raised 400 % in Britain. The authorities failed to alter behavior of companies, even parts of pollution control investing would be pay back. It is because the affected companies did non understand the system alteration. The pollution decrease issue is non dealt by applied scientists but the finance section. So the companies did non cognize the available option of engineering. Therefore, it is more efficaciously necessitate the companies to put in better engineering by ordinance. Savage and Hart ( 1993 ) suggest that: â€Å" Efficiency is a major foundation for the rational, the text edition of intermediate economic sciences ‘ fantasy universe: in the market mechanism, coincident imperfectnesss is non constrained the universe, for illustration, imperfect competition or monopolies, outwardnesss, uncertainness, asymmetric information, revenue enhancements, uncomplete markets or moral jeopardies. † Economists frequently argue that determination devising of centralised authorities is less efficient than market. It is because, under the market-based mechanism, information is automatically gathered and the balance of supply and demand is ensured and allotment of resources is expeditiously. Nevertheless, pollution charge suited for this kind of statement because enforceable remains and monitoring are needed. The policy shaper still should cognize the sum of waste are discharged and guarantee that companies have wage for the pollution discharge fee right and have been paid its waste. â€Å" Any environmental control system should be checked by inspectors to do certain that claimed discharge, resource extractions or emanations are right. Therefore, bureaucratic is necessary since they are revenue enhancement inspectors, but non regulative 1s † ( Jacobs, 1993 ) .

Julius Caesar Essay

A perspective is a representation of a particular event, situation or personality formulated due to varying ideologies prevalent within a particular time period. As such we see, persuasive texts endeavor to utilise the fears within our context, in order to instigate an emotive response through the use of manipulative language, which ultimately leads to the infiltration of our psyche. This is prevalent within Shakespeare’s historical tragedy Julius Caesar, the October 2001 TIME magazine article, â€Å"The Manhunt Goes Global† composed by John Cloud et al, in addition with Michael Moore’s 2004 scathing documentary film Fahrenheit 9/11. As a result of their times of composition, we see conflicting perspectives concerning the fear of tyranny arising within these texts. This tyranny for a contemporary audience may be the rise of terrorism induced by 9/11, hence leading to dichotomous views as to the responsibility of these attacks. Through the use of rhetoric and persuasive language within the texts the composers utilise the fear of tyranny to shape the response of an internal and external audience. Through the funeral orations, Brutus, a stoic character uses syllogism in â€Å"There is tears for his love†¦honour for his valor and death for his ambition† to reinforce the concern of dictatorship predominant within the Roman context of the play by compelling the Plebeians of the righteousness of the assassination. Similarly, this notion of the fear of tyranny is implied in the TIME magazine article, â€Å"The Manhunt Goes Global† . The written medium of production as well as the form of a magazine article characterises the use of a subjective tone in order to appeal to the informed and educated audience, â€Å"In fact†¦that French antiterrorist officials have taken to calling the city Londonistan. † The use of neologism ‘Londonistan’ may perhaps suggest the composer’s purpose to affirm the involvement of Al Qaeda through the deliberate manipulation of the motivations within the audience. Therefore, we see intense opinions portrayed through deductive reasoning, shaping an emotive response by utilising the motivations of the audience. Perhaps, Shakespeare’s purpose through the use of manipulative language may be to imply the fluid nature of perspectives evoked by our underlying fears. This notion is exemplified through numbing effect on the audience created through the use of caesura in the rhetoric and form of iambic pentameter within Antony’s speech, â€Å"Ambition should be made of sterner stuff; yet Brutus says he was ambitious†. Likewise, through the magazine article â€Å"The Manhunt Goes Global† the racial tension in the educated audience of the magazine is manipulated to impose the composer’s perspective through the pragmatic use of evidence. But Bush Administration sources tell TIME that U. S authorities have acquired evidence†¦at al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan. †The use of high modality persuades the audience to attain the perspective of the involvement of Al Qaeda. Therefore, the particular use of form and provocative rhetoric leads to the formulation of emot ive responses. However, persuasive texts may ultimately aim to infiltrate our psyche, through the use of appeals that manipulate our values. Antony’s oration undermines the fear of tyranny through the use of pathos. Look, in this place ran Cassius’ dagger through. See what a rent the envious Casca made. † The use of an imperative ‘Look’ is used to shape the audience’s response by appealing to their sense of justice and equality. The medium of production and use of a historical play results in the use of dramatic conventions, such as stage direction as â€Å"ANTONY steps down† from the pulpit. In this instance, the cathartic effect of Shakespeare’s use of humility leads to the manipulation of the Plebeians response as a sense of equality is evoked through an opportunity to make a judgment. Conversely, in Moore’s Fahrenheit 9/11 the visual medium of production and form of a documentary film utilises rationality and authenticity to appeal to the human condition by inducing a sense of credibility. Spin doctoring through the use of a cumulative series of images with Newspaper headlines â€Å"White House Approved Departure of Saudis after Sept. 11,† highlights Moore’s purpose as to persuade the American populous of the alleged connections of the Bush government to 9/11 by appealing to their sense of rationality induced by contextual disdain with the government. Moore utilises a sarcastic tone to induce a fear of oppression. Perhaps he should have read the security briefing†¦on August 6th 2001†, this pragmatic use of evidence and sarcasm manipulates our psyche by inducing a poignant response. The concern of dictatorship is further exemplified through the use of balanced sentences and antithetical ideas as Brutus states â€Å"As Caesar loved m e†¦I honour him: but as he was ambitious, I slew him. † A rationale of the assassination is proposed through the repetition of the personal pronoun as Brutus’ honour adds to the notion of integrity formulated in order to persuade the audience of the conspirator’s apparent oble cause. Similarly the notion of integrity is used by Moore, to appeal to the human condition through deductive reasoning as one such authoritarian figure FBI agent Jack Clooney states â€Å"I as an investigator would not have wanted these people [Osama Bin Laden’s family] to leave†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The use of contextual political turmoil persuades the audience to perceive 9/11 to be a political ploy resulting in the rise of terrorism. Through, these texts we see the influence of the use of reason and logic, leading to the formulation of an empathetic response due to the infiltration of our psyche. Although, texts may use various mediums of production and textual form such as in Shakespeare’s historical tragedy Julius Caesar, Michael Moore’s documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 and John Cloud et al’s magazine article â€Å"The Manhunt Goes Global†. Ultimately, the discerning power of language and appeals such as those involving equality and justice, as a consequence of the fears embedded within the composer’s context, have a cathartic effect and therefore influence emotive responses within an internal and external audience to a large extent.

Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning Assignment

Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning - Assignment Example Thus, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the practice and role of marketing in Cornflower business. In addition to that, the paper will provide an overview of the principal practices and concepts of marketing. Understanding the Concept and Process of Marketing There are two principal marketing concepts. These are such as the application and value of segmentation and product development and design process concept. Segmentation as a concept is vital for Cornflower Company as it aids in categorizing the market into various segments depending on various factors such as gender, age and ethnic backgrounds. However, some physical attributes can also be used including geographical location, hair colour, weight and eyesight (Salaimeh 2008, p.455). Despite the usefulness of the above named segments, it is argued that they are too general. As such, Cornflower Company should narrow down and identify their target market. The effective way for Cornflower to identify its target market is throu gh the utilization of socio-economics as a segmentation strategy. In that case, it should base its focus on income, occupation, and education status of the population in which its stores are located. In addition to socio-economics, it can also apply stages of consumer cycles such as children position and marital status. All these objective strategies can be brought together through a Classification of Residential Neighbourhoods (ACORN) (Salaimeh 2008, p.456). Similarly to objective strategies, Cornflower Company can also apply subjective strategies. Subjective strategies are such as personality inventories. Personality inventories such as lifestyle inventories are effective in grouping consumers with similar traits whilst personal values helps in identifying individuals with fair commercial products (Mintzberg et al 1998, p.405). Product Development Process This is a process that is fairly simplified and it focuses on the product development stages. During this process, the stakehol ders and managers of Cornflower Company evaluates the products evaluation stage where numerous ideas can be rejected. After the initial evaluation, the process moves to the next stage that is more detailed and complex. This stage encompasses engineering process that entails evaluation and design of the process before final production. Evaluation is a continuous process and is applied at various stages of the product to ensure that the product produced is viable commercially and able to increase the company’s profit as well as satisfy the consumers (Kotler, 2003, p. 415). The initial stages are for benchmarking where data collection is done. The data collected helps in identifying the need in the market so that the new product developed can suitable satisfy the need. The data collected lays the foundation for the design and development of the new product where focus is on the product quality levels and characteristics required by the end users (Donna et al. 2010, p.856). Benef its and Costs of Adopting the Above marketing concepts Segmentation has both indirect and direct benefits for Cornflower Company. Through categorizing consumers’ dependant on distinct attributes helps in identifying the purchasing decisions made by consumers. For instance, aromatherapy products and

Compare Montaignes work de 'institution des enfants in Essais livre 1 Essay

Compare Montaignes work de 'institution des enfants in Essais livre 1 and Jean Jacque Rousseau novel Emile ou de l'education theories of education, with particular reference to authority - Essay Example Indeed, in the introduction to Montaigne’s On the Education of Children, William Harris includes a chart that illustrates striking similarities in both the philosophical and literary stylings of the theorists. Both writers seek to shift the traditional assumptions of the education process away from merely treating the student as an open receptacle to whose head knowledge of facts and figures is dutifully filled. Instead, they embrace a progressive concept of education that would later be echoed in the transcendental theories of Emerson and Thoreau, and the self-exploratory theories of Maria Montessori. Rousseau and Montaigne contend that the focus of education must be placed not on the rote memorization of knowledge, but on the acknowledgement that true wisdom is gained in the understanding of the processes of learning. Even as the underlining message of both writers concerning the need of shifting the emphasis of education away from socially constructed knowledge, towards the grasping of the intuitive processes of its attainment is the same, they differ in the extremity of their characterizations. While Montaigne acknowledges the necessity of questioning particular elements of society, he ultimately embraces it for its essential role in personal development. Conversely, Rousseau understands socially constructed knowledge to be inherently unsound and encourages the systematic and perhaps revolutionary questioning of its foundational concepts. In The Social Contract, another influential work, he even goes as far as chastising society because "the social pact gives the body politic absolute power over all its members (Rousseau 70)†. Whereas for Montaige, Harrison writes, â€Å"Humanity is too complex to reach the millennium through any single revolution, whether it be in religion, politics, or education. Montaigne saw this vaguely, yet more clearly than did

Final test Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final test - Essay Example The passage reveals that she accepts this fact, and decides to live the submissive role. 2. â€Å"No, dearest Georgiana†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This passage has been taken from Natalie Georgiana’s â€Å"The Birthmark†. This passage tells about Aylmer’s discontentment with the little birthmark that Georgiana had on her cheek. He believed that his wife’s beauty was imperfect due to that birthmark. This passage points out the discontentment of man, and also the imperfection of human beings. The perfect beauty of Georgiana’s was made imperfect by way of the birthmark, which implies that only God is perfect, and human beings can never become perfect. This passage also reveals that man is very thankless toward the blessings of God. No matter how much God blesses man with, he is always complaining and looking for faults instead of appreciating positive things. 3. â€Å"Live with your head†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This passage is from Ralph Ellison’s â€Å"Battle Roya l†. This passage is very significant as it portrays a very important theme: compliance. The grandfather is advising his grandson that the only way he can survive in the white-dominated society is compliance. He should never show open rebellion against the discrimination. He should pretend to be okay with the demeaning racism he would be experiencing in the future life, and should sit back and see what happens. However, the advice of the old man is based upon self-denial. The narrator wishes to be true to his self throughout, but the words of his grandfather echo in his mind and teach him treachery. 4. â€Å"She saw the man’s face†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This passage has been taken from Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find†. This passage contains the redemption and epiphany the grandmother shows for the first time in the whole story, and this is what makes this passage so significant. She used to live in her own world of selfishness and indif ference, where she is not ready to consider the importance and views of others around her. But she comes to realize this just before she is going to die. Her head gets cleared for a moment, and she understands the Misfit and his inner person. But it is too late. In short, the passage is about sudden self-realization of one’s self-centeredness. Part II- Essay Questions Q. 1: Symbol in â€Å"The Hand† Colette has not only described the spiritual dominance of the husband in the short story â€Å"The Hand†, but has also described how physically dominant was he, by giving special focus on his hands. Hand depicts power, control, masculinity, and aggression. â€Å"†¦powerful knuckles and the veins engorged by the pressure on his arm† (Colette, qtd. in Meyer 241) shows how powerful the hands of the husband are, which basically portrays the height of male dominance. The powerful hands, the hair on the arms, and the wife’s feeling of lying with an anima l, all shows the animal-like fierceness and ruthless dominance exhibited by the husband. She thinks of the hands as â€Å"apelike†, and calls them â€Å"claws†, which strengthens the symbolic meaning of hand. At one point, the wife describes hand as â€Å"offended, reared back and tensed up in the shape of a crab and waited, ready for battle† (Colette, qtd. in Meyer 242), which again depicts the animal like ferocity and domination. The man can make his hand defensive when the wife feels disgusted. This shows the level of prowess and cleverness the

Analysis of Biblical Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of Biblical Perspective - Essay Example When we try to help others for our own emotional fulfillment, the meaning of love is lost. On the other hand, we have to help others without the significant power over them and make sure that our help is done the way they need it, on their own terms. Quite naturally, such acts of love are apt to result in personal losses to the caregiver but one can be assured that they are worth the trouble as long as they are done as an expression of love to God. The perfect example for true love to God is set by saintly figures like Mother Teresa, who sacrificed their personal comforts and joy for the sake of providing a decent life for many extremely poor and sick people who had no one to look after them. When I think of being a caregiver, I hope to strive towards such a level of selfless love for others, even if I start it from simple acts of kindness in daily life. Apart from being vigilant to the needs of individuals and society in general, I would also like to make a pact with God through a n umber of such meaningful little acts of love that would fall into a specific pattern. However, I would also like to keep my work towards that as an issue between me and God, which needs constant self-reflection and prayerful communication with God. 2. The passage from Matthew 8:28-32 deals with the healing of two demon-possessed men. It describes how Jesus arrived with his disciples at Gadarenes where the two possessed men coming from the tombs met him. They are described as so violent that no one could pass through that way. They encountered Jesus violently, addressing him as â€Å"son of God† and asking him: â€Å"Have you come here to torture us before the appointed time?† The spirits requested him to send them to a herd of pigs rearing nearby, and Jesus does exactly the same. The pigs rushed down the steep bank down the lake and they perish, whereof those who were tending them rushed to the town to inform others of this.  Ã‚  

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Strategic management - Essay Example Unilever was one of the first to recognize the importance of strategic knowledge management, having accumulated extensive evidence on its development and implementation in a wide organizational context. The idea of knowledge creation and knowledge transfer is central for the whole paper. The literature on strategic knowledge management identifies these two key processes to be major components of knowledge management process. Both significantly influence organisation’s success. â€Å"All managers must manage knowledge. Knowledge must not only be gained, but shared throughout the organization. This ability to create and transfer knowledge will be the key to competitive success† (Higgins & Vincze, 1993). Both knowledge creation and transfer became even more indispensable to companies operating in modern global markets, as knowledge management and accelerated innovation emerged to be crucial success factors for global competition in the 21st century. (Cumming & Wilson, 2003 ) Von Krogh, Nonaka & Aben (2001) identified that the primary purpose of knowledge creation is to advance the company’s potential of creating innovation and to reduce the time span to the market success of new products / services introduced by the company. Usually knowledge creation is pursued using small-sized groups of 5-15 specialists that actually develop collective tacit knowledge through an extensive experience and discussion of new business processes, products, use of technologies, etc.

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

International business - Essay Example There is need for increased globalization since there are many benefits associated with it that ought to be fully utilized for common good of all nations in the world. Thus, the problem is that there is no much globalization for countries to effectively utilize these advantages that accrue to it. As countries, continue to interact and integrate their economies, the dividing walls of hostility that separate trade between countries are broken. This results to free trade where goods and services are exchanged freely across the borders of countries involved with minimal restrictions from the relevant authorities and agencies. Free trade necessitates countries to specialize in the production of only the goods and services, which they have a comparative advantage over the other nation probably because of better resource endowment or other factors that make them to be best suited. Specialization leads to production of goods of high quality since most of the resources are channelled towards production of a specific good and repeated production of the same product is likely to lead to improved quality. Specialization is also associated with incurring of less cost of production which is translated to the final price presented to consumers hence it makes products to be cheaper. Globalization results to movement of labourers from one nation to another without incurring heavy costs that are normally associated with migration and without spending a lot of time (United Nations & Ocampo, 2002 p. 73). Free movement of workers is beneficial to workers since it provides employment opportunities that are not available in the home country hence making them to be economically stable. The workers in turn contribute to economic growths of their home countries when they repatriate back their savings in form of investments and other income generating ventures. The host countries benefit from the services of the foreign workers which are not locally available

18-6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

18-6 - Assignment Example By drawing the sample of fifty cards, I did not get a defective deck since I did not pick any joker or king cards which were theoretically assigned the value of a defective card. Thus, it is my reasoned opinion and line of thought that the deck that I did chose from the shuffle of cards was not defective to that extent. The second draw that I with replacement has a defect since I got a king thereby meaning that the permutations that I did with the previous set of cards could not be repeated. This is to say that the cards that I drew on the second ruffle gave me a defective result since I got a king card which we theoretically assigned the value of a defective score or card. I did not get 25% of each suit because the sample given which are 13 did not represent the whole population which is given as 52. There were variation in the number and types of cards selected resulting to less than 25% number of suits chosen. Therefore, about my sample I have a bad deck since I am unable to choose 25% number of suits. When using a single sample a proportion of 0.192 is obtained. For example, 10/52 gives as 0.192. Therefore, a single sample does not give a clear representation of the population since its proportion is less as compared to the population it represents. Also, when comparing average sample to a single sample, the average for the 10 sample gives a greater proportion than the single sample. On the other hand, average sample gives a good representative of the whole population since its proportion is closer to the population. It is not possible to get 25% of each suit because the sample proportion is small. Also, when we repeat with 5 samples, the outcome will be the same. The conclusion is that, it is difficult to get 25% of each suit when using fewer samples. Therefore, the higher the number of samples used the higher the chances of getting 25% of each suits. 10/52 gives 0.1923 or 19.23%, 26/52 gives 0.5 or 50%, 51/52 gives 0.9808 or 98.08% and

The direction Germanys Foreign Policy took between 1871 and 1890 Essay Example for Free

The direction Germanys Foreign Policy took between 1871 and 1890 Essay To what extent was Bismarck in control of the direction Germanys Foreign Policy took between 1871 and 1890? To this very day Otto Von Bismarck remains one of the most significant political figureheads of modern Germany. This stature derives from his contribution to the creation and shaping of the modern German state as Prussian minister president and imperial chancellor from 1862 to 1890. Until his resignation in 1890, Bismarck had a relatively freehand in conducting foreign policy. After three successful wars, he saw his task as promoting peace and gaining time so that the powerful German Empire would come to be accepted as natural. Bismarcks two areas of concern were the Balkans, where the disintegration of the Turkish empire could easily lead to conflict between the Habsburg monarchy and Russia, and France, where the desire to avenge the defeat at Sedan was strong. In each area a general European conflagration could flare up and involve Germany. In the following I am going to investigate the extent of which Bismarck was in control of Germanys Foreign Policy between 1871 and 1890. In the two decades proceeding the unification of Germany Bismarck was the dominant statesman of Europe, controlling the policy of Germany, settling disputes between other countries, and entangling all of Europe into a complex web of alliances and understandings, all of which were intended to preserve peace in Europe. If Germany made a foolish decision, this could ensue the disintegration of the whole system. In order to understand how the system created by Bismarck was dependant on Germany it is necessary to examine the predicament each power was in. The powers can be divided into two different classes: the satiated powers, Germany and Britain who were happy with the status quo; and the malcontent powers, France, Russia and Austria-Hungary, which still had interest in European expansion In my opinion, one man cannot control the course of one nations history, although there can be no disputing that Bismarck was a wonderfully skilled and talented politician, I feel he acted to situations as they arose, rather than orchestrating events. Therefore I perceive Bismarck as an interventionist rather than an intentionalist. It is possible to conclude that if a European conflict were to develop, it would occur in one of two places. The first possibility was a conflict between France and Germany over the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine on the Rhine; the second would be a conflict involving either Austria or Britain against Russia in the Balkans. One argument to imply that Bismarck was in full control of the direction of German Foreign Policy between 1871 and 1890 was his radical change of policy. In the decade preceding the Unification, Germany was involved in three wars, which Bismarck had instigated, in order to achieve the United Germany. For the rest of Bismarcks career Germany remained at peace (Lee, Stephen one of the leading historians of European history, he presents both arguments on my debate, therefore he is a reliable historian to quote). Bismarck wanted to focus on maintaining the unified Germany as it was. This is very clear and accurate as for twenty years, following the Unification; Germany was never at war. One possibility where a European Conflict could occur was between France and Germany on the Rhine. It could be argued that Bismarck was fully in control of this situation and that the isolation of France was due to Bismarcks careful planning. It may be suggested that Bismarck premeditated that France would eventually seek revenge for their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. Bismarck was not afraid of France alone, but he wanted to ensure that France would not align herself with Russia or Austria; therefore he set about isolating France through a series of complex and intricate treaties. The first of Bismarcks complex web of alliance was the Dreikaiserbund (1872), also known as the League of the Three Emperors (1872). Bismarcks aim for forming this League was to isolate France by expanding relations with Austria and Russia. The partners were Kaiser William I of Germany, Tsar Alexander II of Russia and Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria. These three rulers agreed to maintain the existin g territorial arrangements in Europe; to resist the spread of revolutionary (e.g. socialist) movements; and to consult one another if any international difficulties arose. France was deviously being diplomatically isolated. This understanding, strengthened Germanys position in Europe and helped to maintain the Status Quo. A further strategy of Bismarcks in the isolation of France was how Bismarck had tactfully encouraged France to expand overseas in the hope of diverting her attention away from Alsace-Lorraine. French annexation of Tunis in northern Africa in 1881 alienated Italy. Italy was thus driven into Bismarcks camp in anger. Therefore Italy joined The Triple Alliance of 1882. The terms of the alliance if Italy or Germany were attacked by France, each would aid the other; if Austria was attacked by Russia, Italy would remain neutral, although Austria would aid Italy if she was attacked by France; if one of the parties was attacked by two or more powers, the other signatories were to come to her aid; and at Italys request, both Austria and Germany agreed that in no case would the Treaty operate against Britain. Consequently, by this time, a powerful bloc had been formed in central Europe. Germany was now guaranteed against Russia by Austria, and against France by Italy. Bismarck had successfully kept the friendship of Russia, Austria and Italy and kept France completely isolated. He was indeed a skilful diplomat who was able to handle the European powers for Germanys advantage. Moreover, following these alliances, Bismarck formed the Reinsurance Treaty (1887) with Russia. This Treaty on its face did not do much. Both Russia and Germany promised to remain neutral in case the other was involved in a war with a great power, except for a Russian attack on Austria, or a German one on France. Since there were the only two possible conflicts, it seems the treaty might be useless. This, however, is not true. As Bismarck explained, Our relations with Russia depend exclusively on the personal feeling of the Tsar Alexander III, and such a treaty brought Germany up a notch in the Tsars eyes. Thus the Treaty led to better Russo-German understanding, and at least temporarily lowered the chance of a Russo-French alliance. The complicated set of treaties and alliances show Bismarck to be in control and carefully planning for all eventualities. James Joll supports this view; Bismarck needed to ensure that France remained isolated and thus unable to think in terms of revenge for 1870 and of war for the recovery of Alsace Lorraine. On the other hand, a case can be constructed to argue that Bismarck was not in full control, that he was a revisionist, reacting to events as they arose, this is obvious in the instance of Bismarcks policy of French isolation. According to D. Richards, Bismarck was willing to run the risk of alienating French feeling because, Firstly. France would take many years to recover from the Franco-Prussian war. Secondly. he could use the bogey of a French war of revenge to make the Reichstag maintain a high level of German armaments. And. Thirdly. his diplomatic genius could keep France isolated. But the first of these assumptions was grossly misplaced, showing Bismarcks naivety. The French recovery was faster that Bismarck had anticipated. The indemnity was paid off by 1873 and they rebuilt their army. The popular French press began to demand the return of Alsace Lorraine. During 1874 and 1875 the French increased their regiment sizes by approximately thirty-five per cent and ordered an extension of the cavalry and armaments division. Bismarck made a further blunder, believing that the French establishing an overtly democratic Republic would frighten off Russia and Britain, Bismarck demanded an increase in the army budget from the Reichstag. This led to the German press commenting on a war in sight crisis. Moreover, Britain and Russia pledged their allegiance to France if Germany declared war. From this it appears as if Bismarck lived in the moment and responded to its challenge (Taylor, again Taylor is another leading historian on this topic and is a reliable source). He reacted to problems as they manifested rather than avoiding them. Also, from this it seems as though, Bismarck caused many of the problems. Perhaps the most important argument supporting the intentionalist viewpoint is Bismarcks role as the honest broker at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, he was more interested in European peace than German Empire building. Bismarck can clearly been seen as one of the strongest proponents of peace in the Eastern Crisis of 1877, this is apparent, even before the crisis. Bismarck understood that there was a European Conflict, just waiting to happen in the Balkans. He saw that Russia, occupying the majority of Europes eastern flank, her interests lay in the expansion of her power in the Balkans, with her ultimate goal being the straits and Tsarograd. Bismarck construed that Austria-Hungary was the opposition to Russian expansion, as it had been expanding in that direction since 1866. Russia was the more powerful state, and Austria would need Germanys backing to defeat it. However, Russia feared a recreation of the Crimean Alliance, if she was to move to close to the Straits. To control the problem, in 1876, Bismarck proposed a solution, he suggested that Britain take Egypt and the Suez, Austria take Bosnia, while the Russians take Bulgaria, which left a much weakened Turkey to occupy the Straits, removing one of the sore spots of Europe off the map (Langer). Bismarck saw that the Balkans was the most likely place for a major conflict to occur and had reduced the chances of this. Despite, Bismarcks earlier attempts a crisis in the east developed when Russia was quick to react to the plight of the Slavs when Turkey attempted to quench an uprising in Bulgaria. Britain was not as antagonistic to Russian expansion as it had been previously. British public opinion moved to the Turkish side, after the tiny fortress of Plevna held out against Russian assaults for five months. Moreover the Treaty of San Stefano lay counter to 1877 accords signed with Austria, and was also highly offensive to Britain, since it gave Bulgaria, and via Bulgaria to Russia access to the Mediterranean. The decision of the powers was that the eastern question was to be decided at a Congress of Berlin, with the German chancellor acting as honest broker. Under the Congress, and Bismarcks advising the newly created Bulgaria was split into three parts: Bulgaria, Rumelia and Macedonia. Macedonia stayed under Turkish control. Rumelia was to be administered by Turkey, but Turkish troops never reoccupied the province. Bulgaria was to be set up as an independent state, but in reality was to be a Russian puppet. Austria was allowed to occupy, though not to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bismarck was extremely important to a peaceful settlement of the crisis. Even before the crisis, Bismarck was approached by Russia, asking if Germany would remain neutral in case of an Austro-Russian war. Bismarcks response was very similar to all his responses to this question throughout his rule: we could endure that our friends should lose or win battles against each other, but not that one of the two should be so severely wounded and injured that its position as an independent Great Power would be endangered. Bismarck knew that he needed Russia to protect its northern border and Austria to secure its western border. He was unwilling to choose between Russia and Austria, since he needed both countries to counterbalance each other, the weakening of either one meant greater German dependency on the other. The reasons that Bismarck wanted peace were completely in line with Realpolitik: he wanted peace because peace and the status quo were favorable to Germany. The Eastern crisis demonstrates Bismarcks genius as a politician, planning and manipulating situations to his advantage, in order to maintain the status quo. However, an argument could be composed from a revisionist viewpoint, William Carr suggests, The truth is that he acted once again on the spur of the moments to deal with an emergency situation-largely of his own making. This is demonstrated with his involvement in the Eastern Crisis. The first instance is shown with his dealing of the Balkan problem in1876. A solution he proposed that the British seize control of Egypt and the Suez; Austria takes Bosnia, Russia controls Bulgaria, leaving a weak Turkey to occupy the Straits. Bismarck, of his own accord, admitted that this was a picture of his fancy, rather than an immediate practicable solution. Hereafter Bismarck reveals his ignorance of world affairs. Moreover Taylor writes, the days of European upheaval were over; they would not come again until one of the powers felt itself strong enough to challenge the balance which had been established at the congress of Berlin. This suggests that a conflict may never have actually erupted, since Germany was the most powerful state in Europe, it would also be the deciding force in any European war. Going to war against it would be foolish unless the opposing coalition had one more great power than the coalition, which was supported by Germany. Thus, Bismarcks involvement was meaningless and actually could have disrupted the status quo. Perhaps the most important argument supporting the intentionalist view is Bismarcks control of the Austro-Russian friendship and that of Germany, and the Alliance System, he employed to maintain their relationship. According to Langer, No other statesman of standing had ever before shown the same great moderation and sound political sense of the possible and the desirable, this can clearly be justified. There were five main understandings and alliances, which were established during the two decades, following the Unification of Germany, by Bismarck to obtain peace within Europe, and fundamentally between Austria and Russia. The first of which was in 1873 when he created a set of treaties between Austria, Russia and Germany, which created the Three Emperors League (Dreikaiserbund) Although the Dreikaiserbund was not an official treaty of alliance, it was an agreement by the three leaders to maintain a close association so that, the maintenance of the peace of Europe be secured, and if necessary defended from every quarter (Gordon Craig, is again an expert in this field and his book Germany 1866-1945, is critically acclaimed and an extremely reliable source). The pact pronounced a step forward in the preservation of peace, if only through the very fact that the agreement was signed. It marked a rapprochement both between Germany and Austria-Hungary, Austria-Hungary and Russia, moreover between Germany and Russia. The dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½tente between Austria and Russia was extremely important to preserving the peace in the Balkans, because they had to agree on compromises over influence and maintenance of the ba lance of power to avoid war. The initiation of dialogue, between the two countries, although informal, was a huge step forward. Moreover the reaffirmed friendship between Austria and Germany was a sign that the tension between the two, over Germanys defeat of Austria in 1866, had eased. Although the pact was unofficial, it sent a message to France that the conservative eastern block had been rebuilt. Thus the Dreikaiserbund, indirectly, reduced the threat of war on two fronts, on the Rhineland and in the Balkans. The second instance where Bismarck created an alliance to maintain peace between Austria, Russia and Germany herself, was the Dual Alliance. This was an agreement by Germany and Austria in which either power would assist the other in attacked by Russia, and would stay neutral in case of an attack by any other power. An argument may suggest that Bismarck implemented this alliance in order to diplomatically isolate France. This caused the Russians to seek an alliance with Germany, as they needed Germanys backing for their expansion in the Balkans. Bismarck, however, was more interested in a three party agreement, since it was the only system offering the maximum of stability for the peace of Europe (Langer, A leading authority in the field of diplomatic history, wrote extensively on the diplomatic climate preceding World Wars I and II. His work includes, European Alliances and Alignments). Although Russia was not directly interested in an alliance with Austria, it had to conclude one in order to get German support in the Balkans. Bismarck intentionally manipulated Russia into seeking an alliance with Germany, which led to the Second Dreikaiserbund in 1881. In this instance, again supporting the intentionalist argument, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany agreed that if any of the signatories found itself at war with a fourth power (except Turkey), the other two promised to remain neutral, thus destroying any likelihood of France finding any allies for a revenge war with Germany. Furthermore Bismarck tactically removed tension between Russia and Austria and, according to Rich, provided a foothold for negotiations between them in the event of a crisis. Bismarck had found two allies in Russia and Austria and had isolated France, by planning and maneuvering events to his advantage. Preceding this Bismarck created the Triple Alliance, between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. This again demonstrates the intentionalist argument, where Bismarck anticipated that Russia and France might still have formed an agreement; he extended the Dual Alliance to Italy. His reasoning for this was that Germany should always seek to be part of a larger combination, when there are five [powers], try to be a trois. Moreover a purpose of this alliance was to reduce the likelihood of Italy going to war against Austria in a general conflict. As Bismarck put it, he would be happy if one Italian corporal with the Italian flag and a drummer at his side should take the field on the western front, and not on the eastern front. The alliance provided the support of Italy or Germany in case of a French attack, support in case of an attack by two great powers on any of the signatories, and neutrality in case one of the powers was threatened and forced to make war, respectively. Thus the alliance created a situation where no power could attack any other power without having all of Europe against it. Bismarck had reduced the chances of waging war successfully, and therefore the chances of war in general fell. The intentionalist case is supported further, since after the bond between Austria and Russia, which Bismarck had built, was disrupted by the Bulgarian Crisis of 1885 and posed the threat of Russias gravitation towards France, he formed The Reinsurance Treaty of 1887, in strict secrecy. This guaranteed that Russia would remain neutral in the event of any war between Germany and France, provided that France was the aggressor. Ultimately, Bismarck had carefully and systematically crafted a system of alliances and agreements, which if properly used and maintained would keep Europe at peace. The alternative argument is that Bismarck simply reacted to events, with no clear structure and certainly with no overall scheme, in an attempt to maintain relations with and between Russia and Austria. It is argued that the other powers provided him with his opportunities, all he had to do is manipulate these at short notice (lee). This case is strongly supported by A.J.P. Taylor, who maintained that Bismarck lived in the moment and responded to its challenge. An argument for a more careless and impulsive Bismarck it may be compiled, although the Dreikaiserbund did reduce the risk of war with France by creating and allegiance between Germany and Russia, it was in fact Tsar Alexander II who suggested Russias membership, Bismarck merely accepted the opportunity (Lee). Following the Balkan Crisis, as Taylor argues, Bismarck rushed into the Dual Alliance with Austria and he was manipulated to such an extent, he was forced to say to the Austrian Foreign Minister, Andrassy, If you will no accept my terms, then I am forced to accept yours. After his initial carelessness Bismarck attempted to compensate by renewing the Dreikaiserbund in 1881, attempting to prevent his mistake that if a war between Russia and Austria occurred, Germany would be on the side of Austria. Also he tried to compensate by forming the Triple alliance, to prevent Italy from attacking Austria and to help in any war between Germany and France. After the Bulgarian Crisis of 1885, which threatened Bismarcks hasty arrangements, Bismarck created the secret Reinsurance Treaty, which so easily could have ruined the Dual Alliance, which is why his successors failed to renew it. Bismarck had created a web of alliances and agreements on the spur of the moments, that was so intertwined and complex that the next Chancellor, Caprivi, found that the system was already on the verge of collapse. Malcolm Pasely goes as far as to suggest that the alliances themselves would never be successful because they were too weak, The new structure was fragile, suggesting how the Triple Alliance was inferior and could easily collapses, as it did after the Bulgarian Crisis of 1885. Another point, indicating that Bismarck was not in control of Germanys foreign policy, is how during this time of elevated discussion and activity between Germany and the rest of Europe, Bismarck failed to involve Britain, who at the time was the most powerful nation in the world. At this time Britain had interests connected with the continent, the main one being the preservation of Turkey in order to prevent Russian control of the Dardannelles and Bosphorus. Most of the British interests lay in her numerous colonies, and an absence of a strong army kept Britain from actively participating in continental affairs. Her fleet, however, remained a threat to any power with maritime interests. Thus she was able to bully Russians into staying away from the straits, lest Britain recreate the Crimean alliance, or even attack Russia itself. In failing to concern Britain, Bismarck was unsuccessful in forming an ally against Russia On the other hand, it could be argued that Bismarck had no reason to involve Britain, as she was one of the two satiated powers and was interested in maintaining the status quo. Moreover Britain was an island, and was in a stage of isolationism. Involving Britain may have upset the Status Quo and resulted in further complications. Both arguments are extremely strong, and it is very hard to decide which is the stronger. Andrew Bonar Law said that, There is no such thing as an inevitable war. If war comes it will be from a failure of human wisdom, I believe that Bismarck engineered Germany to maintain peace within Europe. However, whether Bismarck was in control of the bearing that Germanys foreign politics took between 1870 and 1890 is debatable and I perpetuate that Bismarck was an interventionist, rather than an intentionalist. He maneuvered and manipulated events as they happened, rather than foreseeing and planning for the events that arose. This is explanatory by the state of foreign affairs that Caprivi inherited, which ultimately led to the First World War. The Reinsurance Treaty that Bismarck had forged with Tsar Alexander II was a secret Treaty that Caprivi thought was too risky and could have easily wrecked the Dual Alliance. He failed to resign the Treaty, therefore relations between Germany and Russia disintegrated and Russia began to gravitate toward France. Thus Bismarcks perplexed and somewhat confusing web of Treaties and Alliances, which were in a precarious position, became untangled, and hence World War One erupted. Therefore it is possible to argue that, although Bismarck managed to keep the newly United Germany at peace, what Law suggests is true of Bismarck, that in fact it was through Bismarcks failure of human wisdom that the First World war occurred.

Evaluate the Foodservice Operation Essay Example for Free

Evaluate the Foodservice Operation Essay As time passes by, people were expecting also an improvement in the way cultural institutions would like to show what they got. If you have gone to a museum once, or other cultural institutions, you would probably go back some other time due to the liking in the place and its content. However, an expectation of seeking new experiences would probably be born onto you. Cultural institutions have been making many improvements and developments for the people visiting the place. Such improvements and developments are through exhibits, experiences, facilities, amenities, and many more. Together with the improvements is the food service. The fact that people are now becoming aware of the food trends which are probably seen in the television and the styles of serving and preparations of foods, the need for the improvement of the food service in this cultural institution is a must. Look at this; would anyone have much interest to go to the cafeteria in basement or in any place in the museum, having an old-fashioned theme, walking in a dark path? Someone might lose his/her appetite. Food service operations, such as having cafeterias, food courts and in any other form inside of the cultural institutions, enhance the satisfaction of the people who visits the place. In addition to that, it can also produce additional revenue for the institution and made the entire facility a place to go. Imagine, someone had to walk for a long time to see the cultural institutions have to show. Then the time he/she would be thinking of rest, he/she can then go to the cafeteria and have a rest while recharging his energy through eating. This is how Andy Zakrajsek explains how foodservice operations are important in such cultural institutions. He is the current director or retail businesses and the manager of the Brain Food Court together with the other operations regarding foodservice at the Museum of Science Industry (Levin, 2006). Food Service Mission A place to rest and unwind The main mission of having a food service operation in a cultural institution is to give time for the people visiting their place a time to recharge, say after an 8-hour tiring strolling looking on what the place have to offer . A need for nourishment can be given by these food service facilities. Another thing is to give time for the visitors to sit beside their friends and families, while enjoying the beautiful scene of the place. Through this, visitors then have the opportunity to unwind and take some rest for the next hour/s going back to see more of the exhibits present on the place. To generate additional revenues Not only on the outside or special occasions are catering on the play. At the Museum of Science Industry, there are also special events celebrated with which catering services held by the Brain Food Court under Andy Zakrajsek are on the roll. This catering on special events was considered to be one of the activities which generate a large amount of revenues. The museum and all other cultural institutions were designed to have a large area for special events and gathering such as large lobbies, atriums, amphitheaters, etc However, there is also a need for spacious places inside the cultural institutions; this is in addition to the accommodations needed for the gathering, but also the need for the foodservice preparations. Considering the costs of the foodservice preparations, having a place inside the cultural institution as the preparation area, will costs lesser than renting a place to takeover or a catering service outside, while earning greater profit. Must Adapt to Changes There are also called peak seasons and valley seasons on the museum. The number of visitors may vary from day-to-day or from season-to-season. For example, there can be thousands more of visitors which comes to visit the museum during summer, and by a hundred during winter (Johns, 2006). Due to this ‘seasons of change’, the foodservice must be adaptive to this kind of situation. The foodservice then must be flexible. Since there would be a large number to serve during warmer days, the foodservice operation must also consider the safety, but still must be in efficient manner. And in cold winter days, there must be an operation that shall consider the minimal staffing to lower the expenses. Andy Zakrajsek had thought of this problem and had also find solution to resolve this problem regarding the peaks and valleys. He said that having equipments and designs of the facilities which are flexible should be the best solution for a cafeteria and other foodservice facilities. The museum had undergone major renovations on their designs to adapt with the changes in numbers of guests that will arrive. Considering the case that occurs during cold winter days with which only a few numbers of guests arrives at the museum. The application of these flexible equipments and facilities can be seen; such as shutting down of some of the stations allocated for cooking. Doing this will lessen the costs for the amenities, and also to reduce some staffs. The need for an exceedingly flexible equipments and facilities is a must in order for the foodservice operations to handle the changes with regards to the numbers of crowds and the changing food trends. To Look Great while being Durable The food court and cafeterias are the one responsible for the foodservice operations. Together with other facilities and areas in the museum, the food court and cafeterias must also look really good as elaborated by Andy Zakrajsek. The museum’s food courts and cafeterias have been visited by a million and a half of visitors every year, many of them were kids. In addition to the foodservice operations, the manager of the foodservice operations had included in the food courts and cafeterias some carts, strollers and backpacks having buckles (Levin, 2006). This will make it easier for visitors to handle their kids, and for the place to be in control and in stillness. But these additional equipments must also be durable through time. There had been some changes together with the major renovations, on the floors and walls of the food courts and cafeterias. The food court and cafeteria’s floors were replaced by stain-proof and scratch-proof floorings while still having a nice design. As Andy Zakrajsek explained, they needed an industrial-level of surface materials while still giving an interesting look and designs. Educational Purpose One of the major purposes of the cultural institutions was to educate. Foodservice operations also included this purpose on their operations. There is a ledge purposely designed in front of the pizza and grill stations of the museum. This is made so that children can step onto it so that they can see and observe the cooks while working. The window protectors which divide the stations for cooking and the customer’s area were made of clear glasses which are in lower position relative to the customers view. This is an intended work so that the visitors can make a better look at the cooking and food preparation. Is it profitable? The manager of the Brain Food Court and the other foodservice operations of the Museum of Science Industry, Andy Zakrajsek, had focused on two things. They made critical and complete evaluations on the foodservice operations. They had evaluated the department for the special events of the museum. The first thing they evaluated are the following; how it functions; how the food courts, cafeterias and foodservice operations connected to the museum and how will it serve the guests; and had also evaluated the quality of the management used and the staffs of the foodservice operation. The second thing they did is reviewing the catering program. The purpose of this is a way easy, the optimization of the income that the museum can earn. After the evaluations and reviews done, they made improvement and developments regarding the concerns stated above. The result is that the net income of the museum had increased up to 250% within five years (Greenbaum, 2004). What makes foodservice profitable is that it enhances the cultural institutions overall purpose, having cafeterias and food courts, catering and other special events and foodservices, make the increase in the number of visitors in the museum, this is the main supporting evidence how foodservice operations make the institution more profitable. As stated by the by Andy Zakrajsek, the catering on the special events held at the museum was considered one of the activities which generates a large amount of revenues. Conclusion The importance of the foodservice operations in cultural institution is extremely high. Thus, this implies that the planning about the foodservice operations must be included on the design process of every cultural institution. Summing it up, there is a critical role played by the foodservice operations in a cultural institution, and planning it up early and having it is one of the measures of success of the institution. Foodservice operations are responsible for the enhancements of the institution, which controls the increases the number of visitors, in which it brings huge revenues to the institution.

The Amelogenesis Imperfecta Health And Social Care Essay

The Amelogenesis Imperfecta Health And Social Care Essay Your sister has noticed that the teeth of her young son are discoloured and has taken him to the dentist. After a series of tests, the condition of X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta is diagnosed. She asks you, a dental student, to explain the reason for this condition. Particularly, she would like to understand why, in this condition, the enamel is malformed, how the enamel differs from normal and the reason her son, but not her, or her husband is affected. Learning outcomes 1. To explain and understand normal enamel formation. 2. To identify the different types of AI and their presentation. 3. To describe the genetic code and various types of genetic mutations that can be found. 4. To understand and describe the phrases; autosomal dominant inheritance, autosomal recessive inheritance and X-linked recessive inheritance. 5. To identify the genes associated with AI. Introduction Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary disorder that affects tooth development and results in the abnormal formation of tooth enamel. In the above scenario our nephew has been diagnosed with X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta. Below I will explore the proposed learning outcomes and take a closer look at the inherited disease. Explain and understand normal enamel formation. The teeth are composed of three mineralised tissues; enamel, dentine and cementum, which surround the inner unmineralised dental pulp. [1] The dental pulp is the only living part of the tooth and is made up of connective tissue, odontoblasts and nerves. It supplies the outer mineralised layers with a supply of organic compounds and the odontoblasts help with the creation and repair old dentin. The nerves inside the pulp are also very sensitive and alert an individual of any injury or trauma that may occur. If the pulp is exposed to bacteria, infections are likely. [2] [3]http://www.dentalhealth.ie/common/images/legacy/dhp/pic_stuctureoftooth.gif Cementum can be found below the gum line covering the dentin and root of the tooth. It helps to anchor the tooth and protect the root. It is continuously formed through life by cementoblasts in the dental pulp as it prone to destruction. [4] [6] FIG.1 Basic tooth structureDentine is made up of tiny tubules and is the most abundant of the three mineralised tissues. It acts as support beneath the enamel covering and has a protective function to the dental pulp. Dental pulp, cementum and dentine are all derived from the mesencymal origin. [5] [7] FIG.2 Enamel structure The head is orientated superficially and the tail towards the tooth root http://www.kck.usm.my/ppsg/histology/e_2_0.jpg Lastly enamel which is derived from the ectoderm is made up of primarily crystalline calcium phosphate and is the outermost component of the tooth and covers the dental crown. The calcium hydroxyapatite enamel crystals are arranged as keyhole shaped rods that span the full thickness of the enamel layer (see fig.2). The enamel crystals have a parallel orientation and any gaps between the rods are filled with further crystals. Enamel is the hardest most mineralised structure found in the human body. [4] [8] Enamel is formed by the process of amelogenesis after dentine is formed in the process of dentinogenesis. There are four main stages to amelogenesis; Presecretory, secretory, maturation and post maturation. [1] [9] FIG.3 Basic tooth structureThe presecretory stage starts with proliferation of the oral epithelium to form the dental lamina, further proliferation with occur at the site of each future tooth and there will be an outgrowth of cells; this is called the bud stage. This bud of cells then enlarges and develops a cavity in the cap stage and further growth and development will lead to the development of four recognisable layers in the bell stage. Finally the internal enamel epithelium will cease to divide and the dental lamina will degenerate leaving being the early developing tooth. [1] In the secretory stage a partially mineralised enamel matrix is deposited directly on the surface of the previously formed dentin by adjacent secretory stage ameloblasts. [1] The organic partially mineralised matrix is produced as a result of the combined actions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and secretory granules. The ameloblasts will move away when the first layer of enamel is deposited on the dentine allowing the Tomess process to develop at the secretory pole of each ameloblasts. The Tomess process is responsible for the formation of enamel rods as it lays down the crystals of the enamel matrix. The ameloblasts lie adjacent to the stratum intermedium which contains alkaline phosphotase which is responsible for calcification of the tooth enamel. These ameloblasts continue to produce the enamel matrix until full thickness is reached. [4] Maturation of the partially mineralised enamel matrix involves the removal of organic material and the continuous influx of calcium and phosphate. [4] Maturation stage ameloblasts differentiate from secretory stage ameloblasts and they now contain high numbers of mitochondria to carry out their function as a transport epithelium moving substances into and out of the maturing enamel. The maturing enamel matrix contains four main types of protein; amelogenins, ameloblastins, enamelins and tuftelins. The amelogenins are important in maintaining the spaces between the enamel rods and the ameloblasts control the elongation of the enamel crystals, both of these proteins are removed from the mature enamel. Enamelins undergo cleavage as the enamel matures and will only be found on the surface of the crystals.Tuftelins are present in mature enamel and responsible for hypomineralisation. [1] [4] In the final stage of post maturation the enamel organ will degenerate and the tooth will erupt and become exposed to the oral environment. [1][4] Identify the different types of AI and their presentation. Amelogenesis imperfecta is a group of hereditary disease that affects both the primary and secondary dentition. It results in the enamel becoming hypoplastic, hypomineralised, discoloured and sensitive. [10] There are four main types of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) that have been identified because of their differences in enamel defects that present in patients. In Hypoplastic AI (type1) the enamel is of normal colour but much thinner as the enamel has not formed to normal thickness, the enamel can also have pits and grooves due to the disturbance in differentiation of ameloblastins. In hypomaturation(type 2) AI the teeth are of normal shape but have a mottled, dark, opaque appearance and chip away easily from the underlying dentine because of a change to the rod structure. Hypocalcified AI (type 3) has poor enamel mineralisation and a defect in its matrix structure making it very soft and susceptible to abrasion; its appearance is dark and chips easily. [1] [11] (see fig.4).http://www.ojrd.com/content/figures/1750-1172-2-17-1-l.jpg Finally hypoplasia (type 4) AI is a combination of hypoplastic and hypomaturation AI. It is characterised by a reduction in enamel thickness and the enamel has a yellow brown mottled appearance. [13] [12] FIG.4 Phenotypic descriptions of amelogenesis imperfecta. hypoplastic (a, b, c, d), dysmineralised (e, f), hypocalcified (g, h) hypomineralised form (e and f) The hypomaturation forms (g, h) Describe the genetic code and various types of genetic mutations that can be found. [15] FIG.5 Genetic information is encoded in the base sequence of DNA molecules as a series of genes. The genetic code describes how base sequences are interpreted into amino acid sequences during protein synthesis via transcription and translation. [14] http://sjesci.wikispaces.com/file/view/DNA-to-codon.gif/155543209/DNA-to-codon.gif The DNA sequence of a gene is divided into a set of three bases called a codon (see fig.5). Each codon gives rise to a particular amino acid or a stop signal. The genetic code is referred to as degenerate because each amino acid is encoded by more than one codon; there are 64 possible combinations of codons from the 4 nucleotide bases (Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil or thymine) but only 20 different amino acids. (See fig.6)http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-i-CYqAFf61o/TZXYoBQmXrI/AAAAAAAAB5g/5PmMdfOP1PQ/s1600/genetic-code-1.jpg This degeneracy minimises the possible effects of mutations as alterations to the base sequence are less likely to change the amino acid so changes to the protein structure and function are avoided, this is known as a silent mutation. Protein synthesis always starts with the initiation codon AUG which encodes the amino acid methionine but this is later removed. Protein synthesis is terminated by the any of the three stop codons; UAG, UGA and UAA. [14][16] [17] FIG.6 DNA mutations can however cause genetic disorders and cancers. A gene mutation occurs when there is a change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene; these can be classified as either point mutation which involves the alteration of a single base or gross mutations which often involve the alteration of longer DNA sequences. There are several types of point mutations. Missense mutations occur when a single base is altered or substituted and a different amino acid is produced. Nonsense mutations result in translation ending prematurely because a nucleotide base has been substituted for another resulting in a stop codon and frameshift mutations result after a single base is either deleted or inserted which causes the ribosome to read a new set of codons which will alter the complete amino acid chain produced.(see fig,7) All these changes to the DNA sequence will alter the amino acid chain and subsequently have a serious effect on the protein produced and effect how well it will work or how it will carry out a specific task. Gross mutations have the same implications and also experience insertion and deletion but this is of several bases at a time. [14][18] Figure 4: If the number of bases removed or inserted from a segment of DNA is not a multiple of three (a), a different sequence with a different set of reading frames is transcribed to mRNA (b). [19] FIG.7 Frameshift mutations If the number of bases removed or inserted from a segment of DNA is not a multiple of three (a), a different sequence with a different set of reading frames is transcribed to mRNA (b). Identify the genes associated with AI. Faulty alleles of the genes AMELX, MMP20, KLK-4 and ENAM cause the disease amelogenesis imperfecta. These genes usually provide the genetic instructions for the production of proteins that are essential for the healthy formation of enamel. The mutations of these genes have caused a change in the nucleotide base sequence and as a result the protein structure is altered making them work ineffectively or not at all, in turn this has a variety of effects on the enamel formation. [1] The AMELX gene is located on both of the sex chromosomes, X and Y and provides instructions for the protein amelogenin which is essential for normal tooth development as is separates and supports the hydroxyapatite  crystals as they mature. Mutations in AMELX have been found to cause X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta because of the change in structure to amelogenin. [20] The  ENAM  gene provides instructions for the production of the protein enamelin and mutations of this gene can be found in both patients with autosomal dominant AI and autosomal recessive AI.[21] (see below) MMP20  is responsible for the protein enamelysin mutations in this gene are inherited via the autosomal recessive pathway and KLK-4 mutations are responsible for hypomaturation AI. [22][23] Understand and describe the phrases; autosomal dominant inheritance, autosomal recessive inheritance and X-linked recessive inheritance. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomal homologous pairs of chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes; X and Y. Females have two X chromosomes where as males have one X and one Y chromosome. [18] There are three patterns of single gene disorders that allow faulty alleles (version) to be passed between generations. These include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked. [14]Autosomal dominant genes [24] FIG.8 Autosomal inheritance In autosomal dominant disorders only one faulty allele needs to be passed from the parents to the offspring for them to be affected by the disease. The affected child will also have one normal allele of the gene making them heterozygous. The affected childrens offspring will also have a 50% chance of inheriting the affected allele. (see fig.8)[14] In autosomal recessive disorders however the likeliness of being affected by the disease is only 25% and both parents must possess at least one of the mutated alleles. (See fig.9)This is because in recessive orders both inherited alleles must be mutants to show an effect in the offspring. There still is a 50% chance of being a carrier (if you have one healthy and one effected allele). [14]http://retinaaustraliansw.com.au/images/AutosomalRecessiveInheritance.gif [26] FIG.9 [26] FIG.10 X-linked inheritance Illustration showing X-linked recessive inheritance pattern with carrier mother In X-linked disorders the faulty allele is present on the X chromosome. As males only have one X chromosome they only need one copy of the allele to have the disease, they are hemizygous. Females however must have two copies of the faulty allele (homozygous) to be affected and so are in most case carriers. A female carrier has a 50% chance of their daughters being carriers and a 50% chance of their sons being affected by the disease. (See fig.10)[18] Amelogenesis imperfecta has different modes of inheritance. Hypoplastic  (Type I) and Hypomaturation (Type II) AI can be inherited by all three modes of the above inheritance patterns. Hypocalcified (Type III) AI is not inherited via the X-linked pathway and Hypoplasia (Type IV) AI is only passed between generations via the autosomal dominant pathway and only one faulty allele has to be passed to the offspring for them to be affected by amelogenesis imperfecta. [13] Conclusion Our nephew has been diagnosed with X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta. Taking in account the above information we can now conclude the reason why he but not his parents are affected by the disease is because our sister must be a carrier of the faulty allele of the gene AMELX. Males are hemizygous so the possibility of the father possesing the faulty allele has been ruled out or he would too be affected by the disease. One can also assume that he is suffering from either hypoplastic AI or hypomaturation AI as the other two types are not inherited via the X-linked pathway. The treatment of amelogenesis imperfecta will depend on the severity of the condition but it is usually to treat the aesthetic symptoms so crowns may be given to hide the displeasing characteristics of the malformed enamel.

Characterization in The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea and Won

Characterization in The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea and Wonderful Fool      Ã‚  Ã‚   The literary technique of characterization is often used to create and delineate a human character in a work of literature. When forming a character, writers can use many different methods of characterization. However, there is one method of characterization that speaks volumes about the character and requires no more than a single word - the character's personal name. In many cases, a personal name describes the character by associating him with a certain type of people or with a well known historical figure. Therefore, since the reader learns the character's name first, a personal name is a primary method of characterization; it creates an image in the reader's mind that corresponds with the name of the character. Once this image has been created, all subsequent actions and beliefs of the character are somehow in accordance with this image; otherwise, the character does not seem logical and the reader is not be able to relate to the work. In the novels The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea, by Yukio Mishima, and Wonderful Fool, by Shusako Endo, each author gives one of his characters a personal name that guides the character's actions and beliefs.    Noboru, the name assigned to a 13 year old child in Mishima's novel The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea means little boy in Japanese (Honda). By naming this major character Noboru, Mishima has characterized him as nothing more than a little boy. Consequently, Noboru's actions and beliefs are typical of the actions and beliefs of a small child.    Noboru's actions are the first to show the effects of his name. When Noboru discovers a peephol... ... be translated from Japanese to English. Due to cultural barriers, those who read the translated versions of the novels fail to see the importance of names like Noboru and Tomoe, and the impact that these names have on the rest of the work. Consequently, some of the literary value of the novels is lost in the translation. By using personal names as primary sources of characterization, Endo and Mishima offer a concluding suggestion that, whenever possible, it is best to read works of literature in the language in which they were originally written.    WORKS CITED †¢ Endo, Shusako. Wonderful Fool. Trans. Francis Mathy. Chester Springs: Peter Owen Publishers, 1995. †¢ Honda, Yoriko. Telephone Interview. 23 January 1997. †¢ Mishima, Yukio. The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea. Trans. John Nathan. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1965.