Thursday, October 31, 2019

Is Infant Industry in Vietnam A Good Idea Essay

Is Infant Industry in Vietnam A Good Idea - Essay Example The researcher states that international trade is deemed as one of the essential steps towards success in the global industry. It is also expected that trade liberalization could alleviate poverty rate in the country. On the downside, there will always be an increasing demand from developed, First World countries towards excessive liberalization of foreign imports and investment. In some cases, free trade has been helpful for China and Taiwan, albeit with some violations and tremendous criticisms. At the international forefront, it has received a tremendous setback such that the Doha trade talks had been stalled while governments block the acquisition of foreign companies. Only a tip-in of the iceberg, Vietnam is faced with the need to broaden and widen its free trade defenses while maintaining its infant industry towards economic and improvement of rural development in the countryside. Aimed at protecting an industry, or a country in this particular scenario, the infant industry is an argument claiming the need for, as well as allowing, small firms in underdeveloped or developing countries to have a protection mechanism or policies against large, well-established, and well-developed industries or countries. Because new firms, particularly in developing countries, are not yet capable to go on a head-to-head battle with well-recognized business establishments from developed countries, the infant industry argument allows a developing country to impose a protective tariff, or tax, to imported goods and products. When this occurs, imported goods are obliged to increase prices, thus making them less competitive as compared to those local businesses in developing economies. In return, local businesses are able to gain a strong footing in their local economy until such time that it could achieve a sufficient size and obtain a significant economy of scale.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Most effective means of disciplining a child Essay

Most effective means of disciplining a child - Essay Example It simple term, discipline teaches children to follow rules and this sometimes involve some form of punishments such as time-outs and spanking. The issue of discipline may sound straightforward, but many parents are greatly frustrated at one time when it comes to choosing the effective means of disciplining their children. This is because parents always endeavor that their children be respectful, respectful, and grow up as adults who are well-behaved as none of the parents wish to be accused of raising spoiled children (Kalat, 2014). Therefore, the paper compares and contrasts spanking and time-outs with the view of providing parents with some insights on the effective means of disciplining children. It gives the advantages and disadvantages of using these means of discipline on the child and tries to shed more light on effective discipline technique and barriers to good behavior among children. According to Arnall and Elicksen (2008), the discipline technique that a parent chooses w ill largely depend on the kind of inappropriate behavior that the child displays, the child's temperament, the age of the child, and the parenting style. Time-out is one the frequently used techniques when it come to disciplining and directing the behavior of children. This technique works best when a particular rule has been violated and with children between the age of 2 and 5 years. However, it can also be used in the entire childhood and some steps must be followed for it to work. Because it works best when particular rule are violated, rules must be set ahead of time and decision must be made and explained to the children on the behaviors which will attract punishment. The person or the parent using this technique then chooses a time-out spot which is usually a boring place devoid of distractions such as a chair. The parent then begins the time-out by giving the child a few warnings and sending him/her to the time-out place if he/she repeats the bad behavior. The parent then se ts a time limit for the child once he/she sits quietly on that spot as this will help the child to know when the time out ends. This is usually 1 minute for every year of the age of the child, which means the number of minute’s increases as the child grows. When these time ends, the parent allows the child to go back to his normal activities whether it is reading or playing. Some of the advantages of time-outs are that it invites little adult emotion, limit behaviors of children; simple to do, increases consistency, assists parents in calming themselves down and is transferable among care-givers. Despite, these numerous advantages, this technique is not always the effective means of disciplining children as it only attains short term goals of preventing misbehavior. Perhaps, it is sometimes the most controversial technique as it fails to teach co-operation or problem solving skills, invites power struggles, incite resentment, anger, and frustration as well as promoting retali ation and rebellion. To a larger extent it discourages parental attachment, increases sibling animosity, encourages the perceptions that time-out is a negative punishment, and fails to recognize the uniqueness among children (Kalat, 2014). As a result of these numerous disadvantages, several parents agree that sometimes spanking is the effective means of disciplining children. Majority of parents think that spanking is effective, not because it was the

Sunday, October 27, 2019

History Of The Newspapers Of India

History Of The Newspapers Of India Newspapers are lifeline of every literate individual in India. With rising literacy rose the demand of newspapers in our country. In 1976, the literacy rate across India was not more than 35%. However, there was a remarkable increase in 2008 the figure was 74% by 2011. Rising youth literacy at the rate of 84% was a clear indication of rising number of potential readers. James Augustus Hickey is considered as the father of Indian press as he was the founder of the first Indian newspaper from Calcutta, the `Bengal Gazette` or the `Calcutta General Advertise` in January 1780. In 1789, the first newspaper from Bombay, the `Bombay Herald` was released,followed by the `Bombay Courier` next year. This newspaper was later merged with the `Times of India` in 1861 of Bennet, Coleman Co. Ltd.publishing firm. The first newspaper in an Indian language was in Bengali, named as the `Samachar Darpan`.The first issue of this daily was published from the Serampore Mission Press on May 23,1818. In the very same year, Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya started publishing another newspaper in Bengali, the Bengal Gazetti. On July 1, 1822 the first Gujarati newspaper was published from Bombay, called the Bombay Samachar, which is still existent. The first Hindi newspaper, the Samachar Sudha Varshan began in 1854. Since then, the prominent Indian languages in which newspapers have grown over the years are Hindi, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Telugu, Bengali and many other vernaculars. INDIA The 2010 Indian Readership Survey findings shows that the largest read local language newspapers to be Dainik Jagran (with 16.0 million readers) and Dainik Bhaskar (with 13.5 million readers), both published in Hindi. The Times of India is the most widely read English language newspaper ( 7.900 million), followed by Hindustan Times (3.9 million),The Hindu(1.8 million),Eenadu (1.7 million), The Sakshi (1.45 million). Malayala Manorama newspaper which is published in Malayalam from currently has a readership of over 9.9 million (with a circulation base of over 2 million copies) has the most circulation in other languages. However, in my research paper I would be concentrating on the English Dailies, whereby I would be giving a detailed description of these brands and comparing their marketing strategies and their overall distributions. THE TIMES OF INDIA images.jpg Punchline: Let truth prevail Times Group History The Times Of India was founded on November 3, 1838 as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce, during the British Raj. Published every Saturday and Wednesday, The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce was launched as a bi-weekly edition. It contained news from Britain and the world, as well as the Subcontinent. The daily editions of the paper were started from 1850 and in 1861, the Bombay Times was renamed The Times of India after it was combined with three other newspapers. In the 19th century this newspaper company employed more than 800 people and had a sizable circulation in India and Europe. It was after Indias Independence that the ownership of the paper passed on to the then famous industrial family of Dalmiyas and later it was taken over by Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the Kunal Jain group from Bijnore, UP. Currently The Times Group is the largest media services conglomerate in India. It is headed by a family of two brothers Samir and Vineet Jain. The company has eleven publishing centers, fifteen printing centers, fifty-five sales offices, Over 7000 employees, five dailies, including two of the largest in the country with approx 4.3 million, copies circulated daily, two lead magazines, twenty-nine niche magazines reaching 2468 cities and towns, thirty-two Radio Stations, two Television News Channels, one Television Life Style Channel and turnover in excess of USD 700 million, timesofindia.com (2010) Times Brands Its major brands include: The Times of India, its the Worlds largest English-language daily newspaper in terms of circulation. The Economic Times, its the Indias largest financial daily, and the worlds second largest in terms of circulation after The Wall. Street Journal Maharashtra Times, Indias largest Marathi daily. Navbharat Times, the largest Hindi Daily in Delhi and Mumbai. Mumbai Mirror, Indias largest circulated compact newspaper. Kolkata Mirror, a city specific online portal Ahmedabad Mirror Pune Mirror Bangalore Mirror, Bangalores first morning compact daily The Times of India Kannada Times Private Treaties, Partnering Ideas. Accelerating Growth. Vijaya Karnataka, Indias largest Kannada daily. Radio Mirchi Indias largest FM radio networkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Planet M Indias largest chain of music stores Zoom Lifestyle television channel Times Now Television News channel (in association with Reuters) Filmfare Indias largest English film magazine (published in association with BBC) Times Jobs Indias leading job portal SimplyMarry Indias leading matrimonial portal Magic Bricks Indias premier real estate portal According to the Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2010, the Times of India is the most widely read English newspaper in India with a readership of 13.4 million. This ranks the Times of India as the top English newspaper in India by readership. According to ComScore, TOI Online is the worlds most-visited newspaper website with 159 million page views in May 2009, ahead of the New York Times, The Sun, Washington Post, Daily Mail and USA Today websites. Supplements The Times of India comes with several city-specific supplements, such as Calcutta Times, Bombay Times, Delhi Times, Hyderabad Times, Kanpur Times, Lucknow Times, , Nagpur Times, Bangalore Times, Indore Times, Pune Times, Ahmedabad Times and Chennai Times, The Times of South. Tabloids: Bangalore Mirror Ahmedabad Mirror Pune Mirror Mumbai Mirror Kolkata Mirror Indore Mirror Navbharat Times Maharashtra Times Mumbai Mirror MILESTONES IN HISTORY OF THE TIMES 1838: The first edition appears on 3 November 1838, known as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce. 1850: Shareholders decide to increase the share capital and now converted to a daily newspaper. 1892: Thomas Jewell Bennett becomes the editor and enters into a partnership with F.M. Coleman to form a joint stock company Bennett, Coleman Co. Ltd. (BCCL). 1948: Sahu Jain Group became the owners of the company. 1952: Filmfare is launched. 1959: Femina is launched. 1961: The Economic Times is launched. 1991: BBC features The Times of India among the worlds six great newspapers. 1996: The Times of India crosses 1 million mark in circulation. 2009: Launch of ET Now A business news channel 2012: Launch of The Times of India, Kerala Edition THE HINDU download.jpg Punchline: Because you deserve to know. History: The Hindu, was started in 1878 as a weekly, became a daily in 1889 and from then on has been steadily growing to the circulation of 14,66,304 copies (ABC: July-December 2009) and a readership of about 4.06 million.The first issue of The Hindu was published on September 20, 1878, by a group of six young men, led by G. Subramania Aiyer, a radical social reformer and school teacher from Thiruvaiyyar near Thanjavur. Aiyer, then 23, along with his 21-year-old fellow-tutor and friend at Pachaiyappas College, M. Veeraraghavachariar of chingleput, and four law students, T.T. Rangachariar, P.V. Rangachariar, D. Kesava Rao Pantulu and N. Subba Rao Pantulu were members of the Triplicane Literary Society. The British-controlled English language local newspapers had been campaigning against the appointment of the first Indian, T. Muthuswami Iyer, to the Bench of the Madras High Court in 1878. The Triplicane Six, in an attempt to counter the dominant attitudes in the English language press started The Hindu on one British rupee and twelve annas of borrowed money. The assertive editorials of the newspaper earned The Hindu the nickname, the Maha Vishnu of Mount Road. After 1887, when the annual session of Indian National Congress was held in Madras, the papers coverage of national news increased significantly, and led to the paper becoming an evening daily starting April 1, 1889. The Hindu uses modern facilities for news gathering, page composition and printing. It is printed in thirteen centers including the Main Edition at Chennai (Madras) where the Corporate Office is based. The printing centres at Coimbatore, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Madurai, New Delhi, Vizag, Thiruvanathapuram, Kochi, Vijayawada, Mangalore, Tiruchirapalli and Kolkata are connected with high speed data lines for news transmission across the country. Currently The Hindu is family-run. It was headed by G. Kasturi from 1965 to 1991, N. Ravi from 1991 to 2003, and by his brother, N. Ram, from 27 June 2003 to 18 January 2012. The Hindu Brands Supplements On Mondays : Education Plus, Metro Plus , Business Review On Tuesdays : Metro Plus, Young World, Book Review On Wednesdays : Job Opportunities, Metro Plus On Thursdays : Nxg, Metro Plus, Science, Engineering, Technology Agriculture On Fridays : Friday Features, Cinema Plus On Saturdays : Metro Plus Weekend, Property Plus On Sundays : Weekly Magazine, Downtown, Retail Plus, Classifieds , Open Page, Literary Review , every first Sunday Apart from broadsheet newspaper The Hindu, the group publishes: The Hindu Business Line Business Daily Sportstar Weekly Sports magazine Frontline Fortnightly magazine Survey of Indian Industry An annual review on Indian Industries Survey of Indian Agriculture An annual review on Indian Agriculture Survey of the Environment An annual review of the Environment THE HINDU SPEAKS ON series Libraries, Information Technology, Management, Education, Religious Values, Music, Scientific Facts. FROM THE PAGES OF THE HINDU: Mahatma Gandhi The MILESTONES IN HISTORY OF THE HINDU 1940: First to introduce colour 1963: First to own fleet of aircraft for distribution 1965: The Times, London listed The Hindu as one of the worlds ten best newspapers 1969: First to adopt facsimile system of page transmission 1980: First to use computer aided photo composing 1986: First to use satellite for facsimile transmission 1994: First to adopt wholly computerised integration of text and graphics in page make-up and remote imaging 1995: First newspaper to go on Internet Hindustan Times ht_logo.gif Punchline: Live Smart HT History: One of the leading English daily newspaper with an approximate circulation as reported by Audit Bureau of Circulation is 1.4 million copies as of 2010. The Indian Readership Survey 2011 calculated that HT has a readership of (37.37 lakhs), ranking it as the second most read English newspaper in India after The Times of India. Most popular in northern India. HT Media has became a major stock in BSE NSE. Produced by an editorial team known for its quality, innovation and integrity, Hindustan Times (English newspaper) and Hindustan (Hindi newspaper) have a carved a niche for themselves in print industry of India. Hindustan Times came to existence in 1924 and was founded by Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the Akali movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in Punjab. Sadar Panikkar launched the Hindustan Times as a serious nationalist newspaper. Currently the Delhi-based English daily Hindustan Times is a part of the KK Birla group and managed by Shobhana Bhartia, daughter of the industrialist KK Birla and granddaughter of GD Birla. It is owned by HT Media Ltd. The KK Birla group owns a 69 per cent stake in HT Media. In addition to Hindustan Times, HT Media also publishes a national business newspaper, Mint. Mint is a unique newspaper in the sense that the company has an exclusive agreement with the Wall Street Journal to publish Journal-branded news and information in India. Hindustan Times Brands Supplements: Print English Hindustan Times Hindustan Times Supplements Brunch HT City and HT Cafe HT Education HT Estates HT Live Mint HT Next PACE Metro Now Mint Supplements Mint Clarity through Debate Conclave Print Hindi Hindustan Nandan Kadambini Hindustan Supplements Print Digital Services Internet HindustanTimes.com HT Syndicationc. LiveMint.com Shine.com HT Mobile 54242 Desimartini.com Radio Fever 104 MILESTONES IN HISTORY OF HINDUSTAN TIMES September 26, 1924 : The date when Mahatma Gandhi inaugurated the newspaper Hindustan Times. 1927: Hindustan Times, became Hindustan Times Ltd., a limited liability company. 1936: The hindi version Hindustan is launched. 1942: The Hindustan Times became one of the few newspapers which stopped their publishing of the newspaper for four and a half months thus defying the British imposition of censorship on all newspapers. 1947: Hindustan Times became the dominant newspaper of Delhi. 1957: The newspaper circulation grew from 58,693 copies to 144,287 after KK Birla took over the baton from GD Birla. 1960: Launching of hindi literary magazine, Kadambini. 1964: Launched a youth magazine, Nandan. 1999: Completion of 75 years-Platinum Jubilee. 2000: Got more localised, five new editions for Calcutta, Bhopal, Ranchi, Chandigarh and Jaipur were launched. 2003: Got into HT Media Ltd. 2004: HT Media Ltd listed as a public company, thus attracting external funding. 2006: Fever 104 FM is launched, in collaboration with the Virgin Group. 2007: Mint, the business paper in partnership with the Wall Street Journal is launched in Delhi and Mumbai. Alongside Hindustantimes.com was relaunched and Livemint.com was introduced. 2008: Firefly e-Ventures, an HT Media Company came up with its first portal for job seekers, Shine.com; and alongwith it a social networkingwebsite Desimartini.com. 2009: HT Media ventured in the Mobile space with 54242 in partnership with velti.com

Friday, October 25, 2019

Television Vs Movies Essay -- essays research papers

Before there was television and motion pictures (movies), people used to spend their leisure time listening to the radio. They were offered little variety and often routinely listened to the same things. In the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, motion pictures and television were invented, respectively. In the beginning, they were considered luxuries. As time wore on, they became increasingly more and more popular. Today they are both extremely common forms of entertainment. Though they are both very popular, they are also very different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Going to the movies offers a complete escape from everyday life for a few hours at a time. In movies, a story can usually be told from beginning to end in a short period of time. Movies allow a person to get completely wrapped ...

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Critically evaluate whether flexible working arrangements are beneficial for employers and employees?

Flexible work options provides an alternative approache to getting work done through non traditional work hours, job structures ,and locations. The availability of flexible work options grants an opportunity for individuals to mould their careers in order to optimise their work and personal commitments. As for organisation it promises an increase in productivity,boost ‘employer of choice’,reduce fix cost. However flexibility is also reputed as costly for employers and favours unequal treatment in terms of pay and benefits for employees.This essay aims to examine the nature of flexibility and further highlight the different types of flexibility throught the flexible firm model(Atkinson) . In the 1990’s up til present day flexible work practices has become a central point for Uk government policies with Fagan et al (2006) believing globalisation; competition,productivity,active ageing; the long hours culture were particularly the source for the rise of flexible work ing practices.It is important to note that this belief remains the same today, except that advancement in technology is an additional influencing factor. Atkinson’s model of the flexible firm is an arrangement in which mangament offers employees different forms of flexibility practices namely functional,numerial and financial flexibility in order to optimize the use of human resources and quality of work. It is mainly focused on dividing the workforce into core and peripheral groups. The core group entails full time,well paid,secure professional jobs,functional flexible and difficult to replace.Whereas the peripheral group consist of employees who are numerically flexible(Legge) because their skills are abundant in the labour market hence relatively despensible thus low job security,consequently may lead to low productivity due to low morale or they are only needed to complete particular task e. g lawyers. From the employees view,it is better to be part of the core than the p eriphery since the former provides job security,increase career opportunities and better work conditions.Alteration in job design grants the core workers the benefit of soft HR practices implemented to achieve high performance, high commitment and high motivation and thus loyalty to the organisation despite managements persuasion to work across demarcation line as it reduces cost for them. But on the other hand it enhances the ‘its not my job syndrome’in employees(Mcdonals,2010). If employees don’t practice their new skill regularly they loose it. Therefore the cost of training and retraining does not serve the purpose significantly.However in the Uk there is a liking for numerical and temporal flexibility at the expense of functional flexibility(Macdonald,2010). This can be witnessed in an increased use of part timers,short term contract,cleaning agencies. This facilitates the firms ability to adjust the level of labour inputs to meet flunctuations in output(Jen kins,2004). However campos and Cunhas highlights the downside of outsourcing as there is a loss of control over proprietary information and less job security. Nontheless numerical flexibility through part timers helps to reduce costs for employers, for example, workers can be employed when they are needed.It is not necessary to pay for workers who are not productive. This helps attract inward investment. Unlike temporal flexibility it relates to variation in the number of working hours. Flexi time gives employees control over their work schedule thus not only benefiting the employee in terms of achieving a work life balance,job satisfaction but the employer too as it reduces absentism(Lee,1991) therefore higher productivity. Furtheremore teleworking allows employees individual choice in the location of work and covers the possibility to work from home and cutting down job related expenses e. g food,clothes,communiting expense.However Brannen (2005) argues that what appears on the su rface to represent a ceding of control by management to empower employees actually results in a loss of control,because flexible work arrangements unsettles what is a ‘reasonable amount of time’ to spend at work. This is because individuals find it hard to disengage from work. Hence critics of the flexible firm model by Legge. She believed there is a hidden agenda in the flexible firm model,which craftiliy promotes flexibility is good,but the real question is for whom? Futhermore there tends to be a pattern of professional isolation(Macdonald,2010).To conclude one can note that flexibility promises to provide organisations with a competitive edge by cutting down cost for employers,boost employer choice,increase in productivity and assure employees job satisfaction,motivations,work life balance. However,there still appears to be many unresolved issues relating to the flexibility debate. This is highlighted by legge’s critism of mixed empirical support for the flex ible firm model and the advantages of the flexibility is not equally shared. Notedly due to unequal treatment in terms of pay and increased job insecurity for workers.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

United States Undemocratic

During the nineteenth century, the United States of America was both democratic and undemocratic. As a newly independent country from Great Britain, the U. S tried to stay away from the tyrannical government which they had before. America believed that by giving people a say in the government and granting more rights to citizens, they would prove to be a successful government. However, although they seemed to be democratic, the United States still had some undemocratic aspects. The United States during the mid-1800s believed that by giving people the right to vote on government issues and the right to vote for legislatures made their government democratic. However, not everyone was given the right to vote. During the mid-1800s, women were deprived from the right to vote. At the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, women gathered together to fight for the right to vote. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton both stated that â€Å"He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise; He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Document 2). Women were treated as inferiors to men and had very little rights. Harriet Martineau describes the status of the American women in her 1834 visit to the United States (Document 6). She quotes that â€Å"every man in the towns an independent citizen; every man in the country a landowner†, however the woman of American were granted no such rights. By holding women back from the right to vote, the United States was undemocratic. As America began to expand, the need for more workers increased. The states in the south needed more workers to farm, while the north needed workers in factories. The Southerners used slaves to take care of their massive plantations. These slaves were given no salary, improper food, and improper living conditions. The slaves worked hard, long hours and were whipped if their job did not satisfy their owner. Slavery was so bad that many tried to escape using different unique methods. Henry â€Å"Box† Brown desired freedom so much that he shipped himself in a small box to a slave free state (Document 1). Many believed that inside the crate there were dry goods, however to their surprise, an African American man appeared and was now a free man. Unlike the South however, the North rejected the idea of slavery. They believed that it was against the Constitution and should be abolished. However, the Northerners needed people to work in their factories. Although they believed slavery was worse, they hired children and adults to work in the factories for long hours with little pay. Working in a factory was dangerous; many workers were abused and due to their working conditions were often sick. From the 1840’s cartoon contrasting slavery in the American South with â€Å"wage slavery† in the American North, there is very little difference from the way the workers and slaves were treated (Document 4). Slaves and factory workers had no control over their lives and thus made the American system undemocratic. Slaves and factory workers were not the only people who were treated as inferiors. Stereotyping of immigrants became a popular trend during the mid-1800s. As more immigrants arrived, the American citizens believed they were superior to such people and treated with utmost disrespect. The Irish were depicted as drinkers and uneducated, while the Germans were also associated with drinking. Many Americans became known as nativists. Nativists were those that favor the ideas of people already living in the land as opposed to immigrants. These people tried to protect the ballot from Irish and German immigrants. The nativists felt that the immigrants stole the ballots because they were unaware of their new land and government and were taking ballots away from those that were living in America for years. In the illustration of an Irish immigrant and a German immigrant, we see them stereotyped as drinkers by the barrels surrounding their bodies, and it shows them actually stealing the ballot (Document 5). This steered a sense of hatred for the immigrants by the American citizens. These new immigrants were treated as second-citizens in this undemocratic nation. Even people native to the land were still treated without respect. In the painting of â€Å"the Trail of Tears†, innocent men, women and children were thrown out of their land because they Native Americans (Document 3). The U. S government showed no sympathy for them and forced them to move to a new location. On this voyage known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears†, many Native Americans lost their lives because of improper food and health care. Forcing the Native Americans out of their homes showed other nations that the U.  S government was not very democratic as it preached. Although the United States was seen as unfair in some aspects, the United States was still considered democratic during the mid-1800s. The United States was still viewed as a land of freedom and pride. During the Jacksonian era, it was the fight for the common man to have a say in the government. The United States did not want powerful and rich civilians to be running the government, but hoped that the common man would help America become a stronger nation. In the painting â€Å"Canvassing for a vote†, it is the role of the common man to have a say in the government. The United States proved its democratic status through the vote of the common man. In the early 1800’s, the United States was a fairly new country. After being ruled under a tyrannical government, the United States feared that by giving the government so much power it would lead to a government like Great Britain. The United States was known as a democratic nation, where the people had a great say in the government. However, citizens considered this new nation to have some undemocratic ways. Still the United States was considered a land of freedom and prosperity.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Significance Of Semiotic Texts In Gang Culture

Significance Of Semiotic Texts In Gang Culture Introduction Gangs use various signs and symbols to communicate different messages. Gang sub-culture has taken root in many urban areas across the world. Gang members have unique signs and symbols which they use to distinguish themselves from members of other gangs. This paper will discuss various signs and symbols commonly used in gangs and how they impact on the way gang members interact.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Significance Of Semiotic Texts In Gang Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hand Signs Gang members use hand signs to pass across different messages to their peers. These messages are only understood by gang members. Gang members use these signs to pass across instructions to their fellow members to do particular actions. These hand signs are done through symbols of letters or gestures to convey certain meanings. In many urban societies, gang culture has become one of the most common methods of self-expression. Hand signs make it possible for gang members to interact and exchange specific information related to their own dealings (Carlie, 2002). These signs help to convey different types of messages which a gang member is supposed to carry out as expected of him. Hand signs are normally accompanied by other gestures to convey visual messages to targeted recipients. Walking styles and other forms of body language help to communicate different ideas between gang members. Sometimes, they serve as warnings of imminent arrests from law enforcement officers. Hand signs can also be used to warn a gang member of a possible violent attack by members of an opposing gang. Gang affiliation is a sub-culture which has gained popularity among many young people. Hand signals are used to communicate anger, feelings of disrespect or other desires between two or more gang members (Carlie, 2002). Therefore, gang members use these signs to show their loyalty and the pride they have in being me mbers of their gang. Tattoos Tattoos are some of the most common signs used to identify gang members. Gang members use tattoos to show the respect they command within their gangs. These tattoos serve as symbols of activities which an individual gang member has done to show his loyalty. Gang members who are willing to endure pain and torture without revealing secret criminal dealings of their gangs are highly respected. Therefore, tattoos are used to show how valuable they are to their gangs and the roles they play as members of their respective gangs (Schneider, 1999, p. 67). Gang members who have gone to prison for one offence or another are also highly regarded and this is shown through tattoos they have on their bodies. Some tattoos are used to show the number of people a gang member has killed or the activity which he has done to earn the respect of his fellow gang members.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pap er with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, tattoos are some of the most common symbols used in gang sub-cultures for different reasons. They can also be used to show respect for fellow gang members killed by other rival gangs. In many instances, gang members use tattoos to show their masculinity and bravado so as to intimidate other people. Tattoos are symbols of rebellion to the rule of law and order, which is one of the most common values gangs are known for. Some gang members also believe in various myths which they believe have strong relevance to their gangs (Schatzberg, p. 59). They etch tattoos on their bodies to signify that they revere these mythologies because of the value attached to them by their gangs. They are socialized by their leaders to attach a lot of value to these myths to enable them perform their roles effectively. Graffiti and other Symbols Other symbols which are commonly used by gangs include graffiti, clothing, accessories, colors and language. Graffiti is used to mark out territories in urban areas where gangs obtain illegal revenue from. These visual displays serve to warn other rival gangs not to do any ‘business’ in those locations failure to which they will face violent repercussions. Graffiti is also used to threaten members of particular gangs with violence if they continue doing a particular activity in a certain area (Klein, 2006, p. 79). Clothes, accessories and different colors are used to identify members of a gang and their attachment to its values. Sagging pants was a common form of gang expression used in the 1990’s to communicate various messages on male sexuality. Some gangs have their own language which members use to communicate to stop their secrets from leaking out to law enforcement officers. All these signs help to convey particular messages about gangs and their sub-cultures. Gang members are socialized to appreciate these signs because they strengthen their loyalty to their gang s. Signs and symbols help to make members aware on activities which they are supposed to do and how they are supposed to do them. These symbols are also pronouncements of deeds which have occurred or have not yet taken place. Signs and symbols help to convey various values and attitudes which gang members in various urban locations have a lot of pride in. References Carlie, M. (2002). Graffiti and other gang identifiers. Into the abyss:A personal journey into the world of street gangs. Retrieved from http://people.missouristate.edu/MichaelCarlie/what_i_learned_about/gangs/graffiti_and_other_identifiers.htmAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Significance Of Semiotic Texts In Gang Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Klein, M.W. (2006). Street gang patterns and policies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Schatzberg, R. (1993). Black organized crime in Harlem: 1920-1930. New York, NY: Garland Publishing. Schneide r, E.C. (1999). Vampires-dragons-and Egyptian kings: Youth gangs in postwar New York. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Writing Techniques To Improve Reading Comprehension

Writing Techniques To Improve Reading Comprehension Periodically, I watch episodes of the TV show â€Å"Numb3rs† on Netflix just to pretend that I’m a math genius. My friend and I have made an inside joke about one particular writing technique the show has used to help dull audience members like myself understand the math technique they are about to use. We mouth â€Å"It’s like†¦.† to each other whenever a character mentions some obscure math approach, and then we wait for the characters to launch into the illustration. Moving past the hilarity of that particular video on so many other levels, you can see how the writers of that show made the math geniuses spout off the math technique they were going to use and then follow immediately with a more understandable example the lay person could grasp. I appreciate these more understandable illustrations. How To Discover Awesome Writing Techniques That Will Improve Reading ComprehensionBranching Your Ideas The â€Å"what if† and â€Å"it’s like† writing techniques  are a kind of â€Å"branching† approach to both idea generation and reader understanding. Following an idea down a singular path is a way to get things done, but it’s not a way to generate future ideas or think creatively. For example, when I set out to write about content marketing game theory  for this blog (and was hopelessly out of my element, believe me), I decided to branch out in a couple of directions so that I could better understand the topic as a writer and, perhaps, better explain the topic to the reader. By branching my idea and asking â€Å"what if†, I managed to come up with two examples (â€Å"it’s like†) for readers. Only by branching and traveling down various paths to see where they might take me was I able to do this. Writers' block? Branch your ideas with 'what if' and 'it's like' #writing techniques.Some content marketers prefer to have one idea and shoot straight for the finish line; that’s perfectly acceptable. But others, like myself, enjoy the happy accidents that occur when you allow your ideas to branch. Don’t be afraid to branch out; you won’t be left out on a limb. (rimshot) Recommended Posts  To Improve Reading Comprehension: 5 Teaching Theories That Will Improve Your Educational Content Marketing How To Use The Best Content Types To Boost Reader Learning How To Communicate Effectively With Your Blog Readers To Keep Them Reading Using â€Å"What If† To Generate Ideas The â€Å"what if† writing technique is usually something used by fiction writers to help them develop characters and plot, but it can still be helpful in a slightly different version for content marketers. Let’s use that game theory post of mine as an example. As I researched the topic more and more, the idea of a tree came to mind. What if I approached this as if it were a tree?  I wondered. I was struggling to understand the topic in a way that allowed me to explain it, but the tree idea seemed to have promise. Then I set about to talk about matrices and competitors. What if I used â€Å"The Fugitive† as an example?  It was a popular movie and seemed to fit perfectly. There were a few other â€Å"what if† approaches that led to dead ends, but by the time I finished with these two, I understood much better what I wanted to say in the rest of the post. Here are a few â€Å"what if† approaches you could use when writing blog posts. You can see they are much more than just about finding ideas, but also about the order and structure of the actual post, too. What if (I): Put the conclusion at the beginning? Used a recent hit movie as the foundation for this post? Played the devil’s advocate until the final conclusion? Said the exact opposite of what is expected/I believe? What was true was not true? Used a different search engine/resource? Learned how it was done five years ago? My blog could speak for itself?What if you played the devil's advocate until the final conclusion of your post?Sometimes silly questions lead to fresh ways of thinking about a common thing, even if the answer to the question itself is irrelevant to the branch you ultimately end up on. The â€Å"what if† writing technique is definitely part of your brainstorming toolbox  when it comes to finding ideas. It helps you write beyond the typical boundary and find research you otherwise wouldn’t have considered looking for. Using â€Å"It’s Like† To Explain Ideas Using the â€Å"it’s like† writing technique will help you do three crucial things with your content: Understanding:  Obviously, the â€Å"it’s like† approach helps your reader understand an idea in a different way. It’s a classic method teachers use. Hook:  The â€Å"it’s like† technique can also grab your reader’s attention if you approach this method with a certain level of non-conformity and use comparisons the reader doesn’t expect. Convince:  When you’re selling a new idea or product that is unfamiliar to your audience, there’s a barrier you need to overcome. Using â€Å"it’s like† and explaining it as something familiar helps reduce that barrier  and make it easier for a reader to buy into what you have to say. But first: If there’s one thing you don’t want to do on social media, it’s misuse the words â€Å"metaphor† and â€Å"simile†; the grammar police will correct you. Metaphors simply make a comparison, while similes use the words â€Å"like† or â€Å"as† to compare things. For example: I tend to think of metaphors as all about making a strong statement with language (it’s not  like  something, it is  something), while similes are all about helping readers understand a bit more gently. Using â€Å"it’s like† is the simile approach to explanation, though you are taking it a bit further than a simple simile comparison most of the time. If you’re following the lead of the writers in the show â€Å"Numb3rs†, you are looking for an in-depth explanation that matches ounce for ounce the concept you want your reader to comprehend  in their own terms. You are looking for an analogy. Similes can spice up your copy and create a playful collection of words that pique a reader’s interest, but analogy is the true workhorse of the â€Å"it’s like† writing technique, a kind of extended version of a simile. When creating analogies, remember: Your audience matters.  Analogies work best when you use an example that your audience understands. I could use a variety of farming analogies that I know from growing up on a farm, but most of the readers of this blog aren’t farmers. That kind of analogy won’t help at all. Knowing what experiences your audience will identify with is crucial when choosing a simile or analogy. To make things better.  Not all complicated topics need an analogy; some just need to be clearly discussed. Analogies work best when a topic is so far out of the range of your audience, either through lack of knowledge or because they’ve never experienced it, that the only way to make the concept resonate is to repackage it with the familiar. Sometimes I write analogies and then eventually edit them out and the reader never sees them. Yet by writing that analogy, I helped myself understand the topic better and was able to explain it better without the addition of an analogy. To shed light on the larger concept.  Some topics are better served simply by breaking them down into bite-sized chunks than through analogy. You would better understand the process of changing the oil in a car if I explained the actual process step-by-step rather than me saying, â€Å"It’s like cleaning files off your hard drive.† Analogy is less useful in teaching step-by-step instruction (i.e. how to specifically change the oil in your car) and more useful in teaching the larger idea that those step-by-step instructions make sense in (i.e. you need to change the oil because your engine will be ruined if you don’t). That less is more.  Use one or two analogies, but don’t use too many more. Lots of analogies make things more confusing and actually dampen the power they might have if you used them more sparingly. Consider what you absolutely want your reader to take from your content, which topic is difficult or unfamiliar, and use your analogies for that. You don’t leave your audience with the analogy.  Once you’ve explained a concept through an analogy and your audience understands the underlying fundamentals, you should go back and reiterate what you wanted them to understand in the first place, drawing direct comparisons between the analogy again if needed, so they understand the actual topic and  the analogy. Recommended Posts  To Improve Reading Comprehension: Are You Making These 5 Assumptions About Your Audience? 4 Lessons From Psychology That Will Help You Grow Your Blog Analogies are all about helping your audience experience a moment of Gestalt, where they finally â€Å"get† the bigger picture of something that was confusing before. So, how do you find the perfect analogy? Figure out what the main point is.  Ask yourself what the most important thing is that you want your reader to understand about your topic. There is a lot they could understand, but what is the most important concept that you need them to take away in order to understand the rest of what you have to say? You could probably compare just about anything to everything, but you need to find something that gets a specific point across. Life is like a box of chocolate, is like a beach, is like an oyster, is like anything at all- but what is it you’re trying to say about life? Keep it mostly (but not too) familiar. As I mentioned above, your audience has to be familiar with the analogy you are about to use or they won’t understand it, either. However, by choosing or using a scenario that is slightly surprising, you’ll keep them interested in reading. We’re all pretty used to the â€Å"life is like a box of chocolates† saying by now, but when it first came out with the movie â€Å"Forrest Gump†, it was very novel and new. People wondered â€Å"how in the world could life be like candy?† and it made them read on. In the book Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking, author Douglas Hofstadter referred to boring analogies as â€Å"banalogies.† Generally, the first analogy you come up with is not the one. Go nuts and think of two or three or ten or twenty, and then choose from your list. Turn the distasteful into something good.  A great analogy not only explains a concept to help your reader understand, but it can also help them understand something differently. An idea that isn’t appealing from one angle can, with the help of an analogy, look a lot better from a different angle. For example, I’ve gone on record  stating that I’m not much of a salesperson. A few years back, though, I was reading a book on selling art which used an analogy to help me see sales differently. Instead of it being an exchange of money for goods or services (which it is, technically, and which seems tawdry at times), the author illustrated how sales is also problem solving (for the customer), an exercise in creativity (finding a market that fits the product), and so on. Through analogy, I was able to see things from a different viewpoint. Maintain your desired focus.  Analogies can get out of control. If you use sailing as an analogy, for an example, remember what your main point is and keep to it. Avoid veering off into using every aspect of sailing- ropes! knots! wind! boom! tacking!- and stick to just the parts of the analogy that will sell your main point the best. An analogy isn’t an anecdote; it’s a highly persuasive tool that can make the unfamiliar into something familiar. Maintain focus if you want the tool to work. Don’t forget the visual.  Depending on the content you are creating (e.g. written vs. spoken), you may find a visual helpful as your analogy, or alongside your analogy. In the â€Å"Numb3rs† clip, the imagery of the boats helps illustrate what the actress is saying. We visual learners appreciate it! For Fun:Which of the following similes would you love to see expanded into analogy? Why do some stand out for you and not others? Which ones make you curious enough to keep reading? Which could be used to clarify a particular aspect of content marketing? Run with them in the comments if you’d like to take a crack at it.Content marketing is†¦ Like a box of old pencils. A  camera without film. Like a movie without credits. Like a buoy in the Pacific Ocean. What happens when polar bears meet penguins. Superman with an extra cape. Superman without a cape.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Free sample - Consultation For Leaders In Management. translation missing

Consultation For Leaders In Management. Consultation For Leaders In ManagementOrganizations the world over are encouraging a shift from a management perspective to a leadership perspective instilled through team building so as to solve inflexibility and quicken decision-making. In this essay therefore, empowerment, whereby people are encouraged to make autonomous decisions and feel in control to the resultant outcomes, has been proposed as a means of allowing dissent, encouraging teamwork and innovation. Leaders should distribute authority rather than a hands-on control approach. This is implemented by changing the manager’s perspective by: influencing through context, creating a culture whereby all employees feel included, distributing authority without reclaiming, provision of logistical and moral support to employees, setting out a clear mandate and equipping the team for anticipated success. In order to influence through context, whereby trust is laid in a higher principle, belief and guiding force, the leader must aptly define the context and desired standards by giving team members the freedom to act and innovate thereby enhancing leadership, creating a competitive edge and nurturing proactive employees. Secondly, the leader should also nurture and empower a culture of inclusion whereby the leader should ensure that every team member’s voice is heard despite their position. This atmosphere should encourage dissent as a foundation of objectivity and innovation whic h enables new ideas to be generated superior to those developed by the exercise of positional power. Thirdly, the leader should surrender positional authority and responsibilities without attempting to reclaim it so as to create pro-active employees. There is a transitory phase where the managers feel out of control and that things have gone awry and they are tempted to tighten control. This should be highly resisted. Leaders should further support the employee empowerment strategies put into place since empowerment involves giving responsibility and the freedom of choice so as to move from position of boss to coach. Also, the leaders should clearly articulate the common goal which the team is aiming at. Clarity of vision and roles played by various members should be enhanced so as to ensure accountability for specific goals and stay inbounds. Finally, equip the team members for success through training, resource allocation and information provision at all levels. This highly boosts the chances of success. (Lencioni) Management is distinct from leadership. Management employs a hands-on control whereas leadership allows responsibility allocation and freedom of choice. Management is characterized by managers having subordinates who are structured according to levels of formal authority. Management encompasses an authoritarian, transactional style whereby subordinates act on orders. It is transactional in the sense that employees are delegated duties in exchange for a salary or monetary reward. Further, management’s focus is on work and is distinct in that managers are paid to work under time and money constraints. The work focus is naturally passed to their subordinates.   Finally, a recent study shows that managers seek comfort and prefer to avoid conflict through engaging in relatively risk-averse activities since they have been observed to come from upper-middle incomes and rich families. On the other hand, leaders do not have subordinates but rather have followers. When managers are le ading, they have to give up formal authority to encourage a following since this is usually voluntary. This style encompasses a charismatic and transformational style in that leaders have to appeal to team members in order to attract a following in risky and dangerous situations. They promise transformational awards not only through extrinsic rewards but also through value addition. Leadership focuses on people’s personalities rather than their work. Leaders do not necessarily have a loud personality or friendly attitude but rather maintain an aloof attitude and a degree of separation. They are achievement driven, but, instead of solely focusing on work, they enthuse others to work towards their goals. Finally, leaders seek risk and are risk takers rather than risk averse. They envision hurdles and problems and their respective solutions. They view risks as potential opportunities which have been attributed to the fact that most of them come from handicapped families in chall enging backgrounds. (Marcus Buckingham, 2008). The managers, by resisting empowerment through encouraging responsibility and allowing a freedom of choice, signify an attempt to manage rather than lead. The CEO is in essence, trying to break from a tradition of pure management and encompass skills in leadership by employing a consultant to chart on appropriate techniques to be employed.   There are several arguments in favor of leadership rather than management. First, managers should provide an inspiring vision and a strategic alignment in a team rather just control. The leader should envision the future and passionately believe on the aspired goals. Secondly, leadership is an influence relationship whereas management is an authority relationship which deters the team spirit. Leadership further defines direction through establishing a vision. This vision can easily be communicated and aligned into the team member’s spirit and energy. In a team, there is a need to energize and inspire team members in order to overcome any obstacles rather than delegating duties and authority as is the case for management. Effective leadership brings about positive, much needed change and opens up channels for innovation. (Avolio, 2003) As a consultant, there are various steps that I propose that a manager should take to change from a management style to a leadership style. Managers should first clarify and codify their convictions. The manager should evaluate his values, beliefs and ethics, how they can be demonstrated, their link to the overall organization’s goals and how the manager can change to fit within the team. Any additional assistance needed to enhance personal and organizational success should be obtained. The managers should constantly re-evaluate these steps to serve as a reality check. People cannot be forced into a following; hence, the manager should then accord the organization time to change towards their convictions. The next step is for the manager to align his or her behavior according to the convictions so as to build a collaborative culture based on the direction desired. Identify individual team player’s needs and their dreams in the workplace. Further, the manager should inte rview suppliers and customers on their specific needs in order to promote chance of success. Consultants further encourage managers to engage in conversation and communication. Listening is highly insisted upon so as to detect trends, themes and various possibilities. (Nahavandi, 2006) Empowerment has various outcomes. Key among them is decentralization whereby decision-making is as close to the action as possible hence quickening decision-making. This shall also lead to sharing of information n the organization’s goals and mission. The need to hoard and withhold information and knowledge in order to maintain control is surpassed by an openly shared information system that encourages operation on the basis of facts. Contingent rewards are also used so as to motivate team members who significantly contribute to the organization. Failure should not be automatically punished for this inhibits empowerment. Teams created ensure employees are not only responsible for their individual success but also their team members. This therefore serves to unify the employees. Alignment in an organization is compulsory so as to maintain coherence and direction by sharing common goals and vision. There are various recommendations on what the CEO should strive to attain. The CEO should ensure that: all team member participate in the formulation of a strategic plan and line of action; ensure effective communication through meetings, trainings, electronic bulletin boards, e-mails and oral channels such as the phones so as to ensure healthy team dynamics; ensure a team charter is put in place in which the project’s goals are clearly stated; ensure regular meetings are held between team members in order to brainstorm on topical issues through forms such as retreats; organize training and simulation exercises in the team by subdividing the team into subgroups that simulate healthy rivalry such as tug-of-war and ice breaking; delegate tasks so as to encourage trust in the team; promote collective responsibility in the team for mistakes committed by individual team members rather than apportioning blame for failure or inefficiency; establish appropriate conflict resolution tec hniques; carry out continuous appraisal and review on   individuals so as to curb inefficiency; introduce awards for significant achievements; keep the team focused so as to overcome any obstacles and finally, recognize the performing stage the team is currently in such as the peak period so as o maintain a consistent focus.(Argyris, 1976) References Argyris, C. (1976). Increasing Leadership Effectiveness. New York: Wiley. Avolio, B. J. (2003). Leadership Models, methods and Applications. John Wiley Sons Inc.. Lencioni, P. The Five Dysfunctions of a Team: A leadership Fable. J-B Lencioni. Marcus Buckingham, C. C. (2008). First, Break All the Rules: What the World's Greatest Managers Do Differently. Nahavandi, A. (2006). The art and science of leadership.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Theories of Crime Causation Unit 1IP Research Paper

Theories of Crime Causation Unit 1IP - Research Paper Example Criminologists study feminist criminology an area that considers the subject on women and crime. There is penology where criminologists focus on the study of the prison system at large. Criminalists are physical scientists they are known as crime scene investigators, or crime lab technicians. According to Roberts, the task of criminalists involves recognizing, collecting, analysing, interpreting, preserving physical evidence from crime scenes (Roberts, 2013). Criminalists usually testify in courts regarding their scientific findings. Roberts explains that many times the work of a criminalist revolves around the laboratory. Roberts clarifies that criminalists do not fight crime as shown in criminal movies. A Criminalists’ field of study is rather wide there are areas, which focus on firearms, and tool marks. This section deals with weapons, bullets, found in crime scenes. A study on DNA and serology involves examination of biological materials in crimes scenes that contain DNA. Criminalists study trace evidence, which include hair, soil, fibres, and other objects from crime scenes, which can provide information related to the crime. A study on drugs alcohol and toxicology empowers criminalists with the knowledge on how to utilise analytical chemistry in identifying pills liquids, body fluids among other substances in a crime scene (Roberts, 2013). Forensic psychologists utilise human understanding to perform various tasks in the legal and civil systems. Atlaf explains that forensic psychologist assists in criminal investigation by performing criminal profiling tasks. Forensic psychologists can observe a crime scene and deduce the characteristics of the person who created the crime scene. Atlaf mentions that forensic psychologists can work in police stations where they provide counselling to police officers. Forensic psychologists also provide crisis counselling for crime victims. In judicial systems, forensic psychologists perform a number of tasks. For i nstance forensic can determine whether a defendant is able to stand trial, they can also determine the mental state of a defendant when he was committing a crime. Atlaf explains that in American systems Forensic psychologists serve in family law where they perform the role of mediators between divorcing parents who have disputes the needs and interests of their children. Forensic psychologists examine criminals and determine if they are dangerous. They provide information that is vital in the sentencing process. Sutherland (1949), states that white-collar crimes are illegal acts committed by persons of a high social status. According to Barnett (2010), white-collar crimes are illegal acts that are non-violent in nature. The United States department of justice argues that people engage in white-collar crimes for financial gain, to avoid payment, to secure personal or business advantage. White-collar criminals utilise sophisticated means to conceal their acts of deceit. White-collar c rimes include the various types of fraud, embezzlement, computer crime, bribery, forgery, antitrust violations. White-collar crimes cause massive financial losses to states, local government, private organisations and individuals. For example when a company shuts down due to financial losses resulting from a fraud case we have people who lose jobs, investors who lose their money, consumers who feel disappointed by the

Friday, October 18, 2019

Factors and criteria that determine which brand of mobile phones will Essay

Factors and criteria that determine which brand of mobile phones will top today and which brand will peak after that - Essay Example Consequently data is sent to a single multicast address which can then be received by any IP device2. Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) contains multicast routing protocols for IP networking. These are primarily responsible to carry many-to-many and one-to-many data distribution with the help of internet, WAN or LAN. PIM is based upon different routing protocols along with its topology3. For instance, it includes Routing Information Protocol, Intermediate System to Intermediate System, Open Shortest Path First and the Border Gateway Protocol. Following are the four important types of Protocol Independent Multicast: Multicast routers work on the basis of distribution trees which are responsible to direct the path for IP multicast traffic. It is built in the form of a network infrastructure which facilitates in the traffic delivery. The Distribution trees are built in two different types i.e. source trees and shared trees. These trees do not have any loops because the data transformation is only between the source and receiver without any disruption8. The  source distribution tree is also called the shortest-path tree. It is built using small straddling tree which is responsible to transmit data using the shortest path from source to the recipients. Each of the individual sources which are transmitting data to a particular group gives rise to another tree note. In significantly large IP Networks this leads to an extravagant quantity of trees in a single network. This incompetency is actually important for multicast distribution trees. Here, all the multicast groups are attached with a shared root irrespective of the main source. This shared root is commonly called as the rendezvous point (RP). The shared tree are also unidirectional i.e. the traffic is received at RP directly from the source. This received data is then transferred to the every single receiver but there are also certain exceptions where this rule does

EnERGY WEDGES Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

EnERGY WEDGES - Lab Report Example Increasing forest cover and vegetable is likely to reduce carbon in the atmosphere since the trees utilize the carbon for the process of photosynthesis. Water body mass such as the rivers and lakes also absorb carbon from the atmosphere hence reducing carbon in the atmosphere. Soil and other land covers also utilize carbon (Nesta, 2009). Planting cover crops and reducing soil erosion is estimated to reduce carbon emission in the next 50 years. Our second wedge deals with nuclear energy production. Nuclear energy produces no carbon. It is the most efficient and the most beneficial form of energy production. However, it is always faced with political interference since nuclear energy can easily be used as weapon of mass destruction hence indicated by red color. (UNEP, 2007). Although it will take time to transform from carbon energy immediately to other forms of energy, it is important that the public be educated on efficiently utilizing the current carbon energy. This cuts across mainly in transport and construction sectors. The two sectors are the major consumers of energy mainly in form of electricity and fuel. Our last energy wedge deals with shifting from carbon energy to bio-fuels. Bio-fuel is a product of plants. This is our last option designated by color blue. Use of bio-fuel reduces significantly the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. However, this strategy is still faced with major challenges sine it creates competition with food production (Wardlaw, 2009). The big question is whether the current land used in food production will be substituted for bio-fuel produce. The above energy wedge is likely to win the desires of many oil producing companies such as BP and other companies such as Ford that are actively involved in the motor vehicle industry. The wedge also complies with human rights activists such as the Kyoto Protocol and Copen Hagan reports that aims at sustainable development. The energy

Essay on Ricardian trade Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On Ricardian trade - Essay Example On the same basis, England specializes in the production of cloth and imports wine according to the Ricardian model. The amount of wine produced from specialization in Portugal and the free movement of workers to the wine producing industry increases compared to an autarky situation. Cloth production by England also augments due to increased workers and specialization allowing for the fall in prices for both countries. This leads to an increase in the consumption ability of the people in both countries. Trade, therefore, can occur despite one country having absolute advantage in the production of both goods due to the presence of comparative advantage in the production of one good over another. Assumptions of the Ricardian Model include the assumption of perfect competition where there is perfect information, free entry and exit by firms, homogenous output among firms, firms cannot influence output and prices, and the aim of the firms are to maximize profits (Winthrop, 1344). The other assumptions are that there are two goods produced by two countries using one factor of production (labor) that is homogenous and freely moves between industries and that there is full employment. Other assumptions are general equilibrium, industry production of the goods and services, resource constraint and its immobility across countries, and lack of transportation costs for goods and services across countries (Winthrop, 1344). The structure of the Ricardian model is that a country that has comparative advantage in the production of a good specializes in the production of the good for domestic consumption and export while importing the good that it has comparative disadvantage in its production. The other country will specialize in the production of the second good for its domestic consumption and export the extra to the first country getting the supplies of the first good through imports. This results in benefit

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Importance of Leadership Functions Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Importance of Leadership Functions - Lab Report Example The importance of leadership functions within an organization is transformation. Leaders have a crucial role of ensuring the transformation of their environments and culture. Senior leadership teams evolve new mindsets. Additionally, teams, individuals and organizations grow, adapt and prepare for future outcomes and challenges. These entities learn to change their actions and procedures for performing their actions, making it simple to solve organizational problems. The organizational need to adapt during turbulent financial and economic times leads to operational problems (Pierce & Newstrom, 2011). It is essential to note that leadership functions cannot force change by using technical approaches only. They need different leadership capabilities that will facilitate the reframing of dilemmas and reform operations. Additionally, these new capabilities will reinterpret options. The process of organizational change is usually inevitable. Economic and operational worlds are rapidly cha nging and shifting towards effective and efficient operational methods. These include the use of technological tools to advance operations and economic outcomes. Additionally, leadership has changed to a multi-disciplined activity. The process of leadership tries to cope and apply knowledge to the processes, structures and systems that need completion (Pierce & Newstrom, 2011). Conventional leadership wisdom states that the right business approaches and structures will provide innovation, agility and efficiencies. that an organization requires for successful and sustainable operations. Organizations with inefficient leadership face several problems because leadership functions are not fulfilled. For instance, they face problems with the integration of systems and collaboration with partners. These organizations also face challenges with the coordination of supply chains. In these organizations, innovation is thwarted or haphazard (Packard, 2008). Additionally, customer focused strat egies are usually

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Analysis of breastfeeding ad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of breastfeeding ad - Essay Example People may find the image controversial, thrilling or some may even judge it as obscene because of the showing of the nipples but it cannot be denied that it only reflects the reality that babies really suck nipples to be fed. If this image will be judged as obscene, its creator can readily defend themselves that they are only portraying a reality. The ad may be controversial but it cannot be readily dismissed as garbage because it was created by a reputable ad agency. It meant that the people who created the ad were professionals and knows what they are doing. The reputation of the advertising agency who created it made the ad credible and served as the ethos. Initially, people may want to dismiss the ad as something obscene or improper but when they realize that it was actually created by a professional and global advertising agency, they would tend to analyze and reconsider their opinion and look the ad closely. Had this image been created by a nobody, it would have dismissed as d isrespectful and obscene. But it received a different treatment when it was made by an advertising agency that breastfed advocated even lauded the ad. The advertisement becomes very powerful because the image used the rhetorical tools of pathos, ethos, and logos effectively. The image of the baby sucking his or her mother’s nipple is very emotional. It is also logical because that is how really babies are fed. It is also credible because it is made by a reputable advertising agency. The ad is so powerful that it stirred controversy.

Importance of Leadership Functions Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Importance of Leadership Functions - Lab Report Example The importance of leadership functions within an organization is transformation. Leaders have a crucial role of ensuring the transformation of their environments and culture. Senior leadership teams evolve new mindsets. Additionally, teams, individuals and organizations grow, adapt and prepare for future outcomes and challenges. These entities learn to change their actions and procedures for performing their actions, making it simple to solve organizational problems. The organizational need to adapt during turbulent financial and economic times leads to operational problems (Pierce & Newstrom, 2011). It is essential to note that leadership functions cannot force change by using technical approaches only. They need different leadership capabilities that will facilitate the reframing of dilemmas and reform operations. Additionally, these new capabilities will reinterpret options. The process of organizational change is usually inevitable. Economic and operational worlds are rapidly cha nging and shifting towards effective and efficient operational methods. These include the use of technological tools to advance operations and economic outcomes. Additionally, leadership has changed to a multi-disciplined activity. The process of leadership tries to cope and apply knowledge to the processes, structures and systems that need completion (Pierce & Newstrom, 2011). Conventional leadership wisdom states that the right business approaches and structures will provide innovation, agility and efficiencies. that an organization requires for successful and sustainable operations. Organizations with inefficient leadership face several problems because leadership functions are not fulfilled. For instance, they face problems with the integration of systems and collaboration with partners. These organizations also face challenges with the coordination of supply chains. In these organizations, innovation is thwarted or haphazard (Packard, 2008). Additionally, customer focused strat egies are usually

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Life on the Western Front Essay Example for Free

Life on the Western Front Essay The First World War was a shattering experience for all Europeans, both soldiers and civilians. Memoirs show that soldiers expressed a wide variety of views on the war. Some soldiers enjoyed the war and some hated it, but most were unable to decide how they felt about it. In this essay I will be examining whether or not official accounts of the Western Front more accurate than personal accounts. I will survey several sources and try to draw a conclusion. Soldiers in the war were allowed little correspondence. Their letters and postcards sent home were censored to the point of very little detail. They were only allowed to write about family, friends and their health, as can be seen on the field service postcard, source A1. The honour clause was a statement all soldiers had to sign to confirm they were not writing about anything else other than private family matters. The honour clause also gave the officials permission to examine the contents of the postcard/letter e.g. Green envelope source A2. The officials censored letters and postcards because they didnt want people back home to know too much and also because they didnt want the Germans to accidentally find out their plans. They were able to do this under the defence of the Realm Act 1916. Postcards and letters were limited because the government wanted to maintain high morale on people back home so that recruitment would not be affected. The postcards are useful to historians studying the Western Front because it shows how little time the soldiers had. They also tried to be more optimistic when writing back home to family and friends. This is because they didnt want them to worry too much so tried to keep a happy tone in their letters. I personally think letters in the personal section give the most information about trench life because in the official account the trenches are shown as they are meant to be, not as they actually are. Whereas in the personal account soldiers describe what the trenches are like. About six feet in depth, they were floored with duckboards and were wide enough for two men to pass comfortably. Some of the letters in the personal account are similar. Many soldiers wrote about the same things i.e. light-hearted happy conversations. I got your letter today and you seem quite cheery so as long as Doras all right alls well with the world. So as to not worry their family and friends. The letters and postcards in the official and personal section do not give off the same impression of life on the Western Front. For example, Teddy Bennett who was a second lieutenant of the twenty-ninth battalion of the Machine Gun Corps described the trenches as eighteen inches and only three feet deep , only big enough for a drain pipe. But George Coppard wrote that the trenches were in very good condition and were about six feet in depth enough for two men to pass through comfortably. These two clearly show that trenches varied in condition. The majority of soldiers used the same tone and wrote about similar things effectively censoring themselves. The letters and postcards do not give the same impression of life on the Western Front as other sources. The other sources i.e. photos showed soldiers dieing cruel deaths and suffering from severe injuries and diseases. I dont think this type of evidence, personal and official, gives a totally accurate view of life on the Western Front but they are useful as evidence of soldiers feelings and opinions. Official war artists were commissioned by the government to paint pictures/images of the war. Fortunino Matanaia and C.R Nevinson are examples of war artists. Paul Nash was a front line soldier for four months in 1917 but was sent home after an accident. He was then sent back to the Western Front as an official war artist. He was ordered not to show any dead bodies in his pictures. He gave off a peaceful and honourable impression of the war. The content of some of the paintings in the official section are not reliable because they censored dead bodies. I dont think these paintings in the official section are an expression of opinion because the artists were told what to hide what to draw. The painting by John Singer showing soldiers blinded by gas seems fairly accurate to me because it was painted in 1918 and during that time many soldiers suffered from tear gas that caused temporary blindness. The painting is very similar to source A5, a photo. I think source A4, the photo showing two British troops in anti -phosgene masks manning a Vickers machine-gun, was posed to show those back home that anti-phosgene masks were provided for soldiers so more volunteers would sign up to join the army. I think it was posed because until after 1916 there were no more volunteers and conscription was introduced. My feelings towards source A9, a photo of two men badly disabled from the war which might have been used for propaganda purposes, is sympathy. But soldiers would not want pity because they felt proud. This is one of the differences of the two generations. I think that they feel the need to smile to show they are strong and they probably think they have to put on a brave face so their loved-ones wont worry. Sources B9-B13 are more gruesome compared to the sources in the official account. The reasons for the difference are officials wanted to conceal all the gruesome deaths that the British soldiers had and only took photos of their peaceful deaths. I think photos, official and personal, are quite accurate as source of information on the Western Front for a variety of purposes. Punch was a British humorous political magazine. It contained anti-German propaganda. The main purpose of political cartoons is to get a message across in a more entertaining way. I think source A10 is very useful to historians studying soldiers attitudes to life on the Western Front because it shows that soldiers were pessimistic and found trench life difficult to handle. I dont think source A13 is reliable. This is because the cartoon was taken from a British political magazine and the Germans were the enemy so they would have wanted to make the Germans look bad. There are a few hints of bias in sources A14 and A15, for example Our operations, in conjunction with the French, definitely stopped the German attack, and it has not since been removed. and We progressed North Poziers and hear High wood and Delville extremely severe enemy losses. This is because the articles were written by the British and also because they were official. Based on what I have read I dont think cartoons an d newspaper are reliable. Although it is useful for historians studying soldiers humour. The most famous war poets are Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen. Seigfried Sassoon serviced was an officer who suffered from shell shock and had come to the conclusion that the War was pointless. He was sent home on sick leave in 1916. During his second visit to France his views on war became more doubtful about the way in which war was being conducted from a military point of view. By July 1916 he was well enough to return to duty but he couldnt bring himself to do so, so he wrote a statement which he regarded as an act of wilful defiance of military authority. The officials found this hilarious and he was ordered to attend a Medical Board at Chester in July 16th but he failed to attend. A Second Board was arranged at Liverpool on July 20th, which he attended and it was recommended that he be sent to Craiglockhart. Wilfred Owen spent the winter on 1916-7 on the front line but was then sent home on sick leave. He returned to the front on 1st September 1918 and was killed on 4th November, seven days before the war ended. He was awarded the Military Cross. Many of the poems were about warfare and the effects of gas and bombardment. For example Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen tells the story of a phosgene gas attack as troops were making their way back from the front line. This poem is backed up by source A5. It is possible that these poems are exaggerated because the soldiers might have been suffering from depression and by writing these poems they were drowning their sorrows. I dont think the poems are inaccurate because they are from soldiers views. Many of the poems are making a specific point i.e. Does it Matter and For the Fallen written by Siegfried Sassoon. The poem Suicide in the trenches by Siegfried Sassoon tells the story of a simpler soldier boy who fought in the war and couldnt cope so committed suicide expresses anti-war sentiment. The poem Returning, we hear the larks written by Isaac Rosenberg also expresses anti-war sentiment. In the poem Dulce et Decorum Est the title is Latin saying Dulce et Decorum est pro patria mori meaning It is sweet and noble to die for your country. I think it is used in the last line because the soldiers die in the end and the poet is saying it is sweet and noble of them. Also to highlight the wrong. Overall, these poems are quite accurate as evidence of life on the Western Front because they are soldiers points of views and this was the only way they were allowed to express their feelings. Siegfried Sassoon was decided as having mental illnesses because he didnt agree with the way war was conducted. As a result of this he was admitted into a mental hospital to be treated for shell shock. My opinion of the war poets are they were all depressed and found war difficult so they wrote poems to show this. I think they can be relied upon as they are the thoughts and feelings of soldiers. Which cannot be ignored and tend to highlight the variety of experience on the Western Front. The conditions of the trenches were often very bad. The mud was often deep and became very muddy whenever it rained. The trenches were lined with sandbags and collapsed as they filled with water causing the sides to rupture. The trenches were always shelled by enemy artillery which destroyed the sandbags and sides of the trenches so needed frequent repair. Barbed wire lined the outside of the trenches to keep the enemy from attacking. Many soldiers experienced illnesses and diseases whilst living in the trenches. Trench foot was a common disease which many soldiers got by standing in mud for too long. To prevent this from spreading the soldiers rubbed whale oil on to their feet everyday. Being bitten by lice was also very common in the trenches. They tried to prevent this by running a lighted candle along the seams of their clothing but this only killed the lice, not their eggs. The lice carried a disease called trench fever. I think sources A9, B3, B13 would be most useful to historians wanting to find out about the morale of the soldiers. The people today view the war a lot differently compared to the people who lived through it. When you step back and take a closer look at the picture you see things differently. Overall, I have a fairly accurate view of life on the Western Front from looking at personal and official accounts. I have found both, official and personal, accounts useful. I cant really put together an accurate picture of what life on the Western Front was actually like using personal accounts because the soldiers may not remember what happened to give an accurate description and would be bias against Germans. The official account has been censored so that also is not really reliable. Therefore I think that by looking at both accounts would give a clearer picture.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) | Essay

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) | Essay Introduction The Social determinants of health (SDOH) are a group of factors that impact health and wellbeing of an individual. Child development is influenced by various aspects starting from birth, biology, genetic characteristics, gender, culture and family values. The Family provides adequate support systems by various means such as socioeconomic resources, ideal family environment and effective parenting skills. A community’s health and social development depends on healthy living and health services available to them (McMurray Clendon, 2011). The health burden of disease and causes of major health inequalities arises from the environment in which an individual is born, raised, grown and worked. Theses factors are referred to as SDOH. SDOH consist of a number of structural conditions. The model representing cascade of bubble demonstrates how SDOH are interrelated to each other. It is observed that if there are any political or environmental changes, all structural determinants are affected (Wilcox, 2007 as cited in McMurray Clendon, 2011). Primary health care (PHC) is aimed to create healthy communities. PHC approach is best described by multi-level health promotion model. Primary prevention is attained through upstream actions which are aimed to promote and maintain health. This is achieved through providing a healthy environment, health services and education for healthy living. Secondary prevention/midstream actions are providing treatment for illness and further prevention of disability. Tertiary or downstream actions are basically rehabilitation services or educating the community to cope with disability conditions (McMurray Clendon, 2011). This essay outlines the effect of housing on health of the community. Improving the housing condition is primary prevention through upstream actions. To improve health and reduce inequalities, a coordinated approach is required to address SDOH which has direct effects on structural determinants. House designs should be made by taking into account health and well being. The infrastructure planning for housing designs which should include insulation, ventilation, sewage system, public spaces as well as community’s participation in their health development project should be encouraged. The health of an individual, families and the community can be improved by well designed, insulated houses and community health services. (WHO, 2011; Chapman Bierre, 2008). The US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention also emphasised on approach to promote health by improving housing and living conditions. The visits to emergency and stay in hospital with serious acute medical illness is shorter with improved living conditions as opposed to those who lives in poor housing (Thomson, Thomas Petticrew, 2009; Sadowski, Kee, VanderWeele Buchanan, 2009). The research study has indicated that people migrated to better housing has improved health outcomes and are also exposed to less substance abuse, violence and less neighbourhood problems as compared to their original living conditions. Government generated social and health policies directly affect the quality of life and living conditions of the community, and also the economical status of the family significantly influence an individual’s health. A co-ordinated action is required from the Policy makers, health service providers and leaders from various sectors to utilise their knowledge to enhance better living conditions bringing the best population health outcomes (Williams, Costa, Odunlami Mohammad, 2012). The importance of living and working conditions, indoor environment, safe neighbourhood, healthy lifestyles in general and respiratory health in particular is a major concern these days. The predominant factors increasing the risk of asthma and respiratory problems are moisture damage in the house and bacterial growth. The studies have shown a close association between mould, dampness and asthma in children. Damp houses resulting in mould and microbial growth are the predisposing factor resulting in wheezing in adults and infants. In a survey carried in NZ homes reported 35 % of moulds clearly visible in the living area or bedrooms. NZ has been reportedly having higher asthma rates in the world, which is contributed by poor living conditions. Damp and cold houses support the bacterial growth, providing favourable media for mould, bacteria and dust mites. Young children spend more time at home as compared to adults, There is a significant effect of damp houses on respiratory system, t hus the incident rate of bronchitis and wheezing illness is more common in children. It is suggested, if people will be provided with better housing and insulation, respiratory symptoms will reduce by 33% (Keall, Crane, Baker, Wickens, Chapman Cunningham, 2012). It has always been stated that population of health is largely impacted by quality of housing where they live. If people living in substandard housing or poor living conditions could be provided with better housing, insulation and ventilation, It could potentially prevent ill health. There was a cluster randomised trial for housing, insulation and health study of insulating houses of communities with low socioeconomic status. A Community based approach is effective mean of improving health rather than an individual focused e.g. Insulating houses are more effective than providing people with more clothes. Older aged, infants and children spend more time in houses, thus they have to bear the physiological stress due to their weaker immune system. This research also reports an association of cold, damp houses likely to get bacterial and mould growth, eventually causing respiratory problems. Several international report highlight poor insulation, damp, cold and mouldy houses leading to p oor health. People with insulated houses and better living conditions were less likely to be admitted to acute wards with pulmonary and obstructive airway diseases. The results interpreted in studies of the insulated housing affecting health were significant with improved outcome measures, except for the use of medical facilities. This study was conducted in uninsulated old houses with cold and dampness, where at least one member has respiratory problems, Increased warmth and decreased humidity brought improved health conditions. Population living in well designed and insulated houses reported significantly less cold and dampness however People in insulated houses also reported that their houses felt significantly less damp and mouldy, however this study does not determine essential determinants involved. Although this study greatly emphasise the effect of living in cold and damp houses resulting in pulmonary conditions such as asthma, cough and wheezing (Chapman et al., 2007). A study conducted by Kearns, Smith and Abbott on Pacific population showed substandard living conditions as compared to Maori and European population. Pacific people are at a great risk of developing asthma, cold and flu (as cited in Butler, Williams, Tukuuitonga Peterson, 2003). Studies have reported a close relationship between cold, damp houses and respiratory diseases. Researchers also highlighted the association of poor housing with mental health and maternal health. Statistical analysis showed cold/damp houses a potential risk factor for asthma and postnatal depression. The pathophysiology of the respiratory symptoms is triggered by an allergic reaction to fungi or dust mites (Butler, Williams, Tukuuitonga Peterson, 2003). A major British cohort study has reported an evidence of poor living/housing conditions are growing over the life, of course, and can impose serious health effects on an individual and family. Thus, interventions to improve housing could measure better effects. Providing insulation for houses for the community with low economic conditions is a cost effective intervention to promote health and well being. It should be widely accepted by the community for their own health, policy makers and leaders to make strategy for healthy measures (Chapman et al., 2007). Conclusion The health of the community is greatly influenced by SDOH more than medical care. As above stated, quality of life is significantly affected by the society and the environment in which they live and work. The burden of disease and ill health can be reduced by improving the housing environment. Medical care and accessing physician is not affordable to all, however better housing conditions can effectively reduce the financial burden on the health sector. Hence, the individual and the community should be encouraged to participate in health programmes for the promotion of their health and wellness. Reference List Butler, S., Williams, M., Tukuionga, C., Paterson, J. (2003). Problems with damp housing among pacific families in New Zealand. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 116 (1177), 1-8. Retrieved from https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/2292/4653/12861308.pdf?sequence=1 Chapman, P. H., Bierre, S. (2008). Reducing health inequalities by improving housing. In Dew, K., Matheson, A. (Eds.), Understanding health inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 161-173). Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press. Chapman, P. H., Matheson, A., Crane, J., Viggers, H., Cunningham, M., Blakely, T.,Davie, G. (2007). Effect of insulating existing houses on health inequality: cluster randomised study in the community. BioMedical Journal. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39070.573032.80 Keall, M. D., Crane, J., Baker, M. G., Wicken, K., Chapman, P. H., Cunningham (2012). A measure for quantifying the impact of housing quality on respiratory health: a cross sectional study. Environmental Health, 11 (33), 1-8. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1476-069X-11-33.pdf McMurray, A., Clendon, J. (2011). Community health and wellness: Primary health care in practice (4th ed.). Sydney, Australia: Elsevier. Sadowski, L, S., Kee, R. A., VanderWeele, T. J., Buchanan, D. (2009). Effects of a housing and case management program on emergency department visits and hospitalizations among chronically ill homeless adults: A randomized trial. Journal of American Medical Association, 301 (17), 1771-1777. doi: 10011/jama.2009.561 Thomson, H., Thomas, S., Sellstrom, E., Petticrew, M. 92009). The health impacts of housing improvement: A systematic review of intervention studies from 1887 to 2007. American Journal of Public Health, 99(3), 681-691. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143909. Willimas, D. R., Costa, M. V., Odunlami, A. O. Mohammed, S. A. (2008). Moving upstream: How interventions that address the social determinants of health can improve health and reduce disparities. Journal Public Health Manag Pract, 14, S8-17. doi: 10.1097/01.PHH.0000338382.36695.42 World Health Organization. (2011). Closing the gap: Policy into practice on social determinants of health: discussion paper. Retrieved from https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/bitstream/10665/44731/1/9789241502405_eng.pdf 1

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Brazil´s Dictatorship and Military Regimes Essay -- military regimes,

In our class we learned a lot about the various military regimes that occurred throughout Latin America. However out of all the ones we discussed, Brazil’s dictatorship was never mentioned. I decided to write about it, but at the same time also compare it to the other military regimes in Latin America. Unlike most of the other governments, Brazil’s military one was not as brutal. It in no way measured up to the brutality of the Argentinian dictatorship or the ruthlessness of the dictatorship in Bolivia. However it was not an easy time either. Many Brazilians were exiled and many lost their lives because of this oppressive government. To start it all off, the regime did not just occur from one day to the next. There were years of build up to the eventual bust up. Janio Quadros was elected as president in 1960 after Juscelino Kubitschek was in charge; he based his entire campaign on criticizing Juscelino and to outright corruption in his government. Taking his idea to a new level, Janio made his symbol a broom because he intended to clean the government up. Janio was only president for two years but during his tenure he increased Brazil’s relations with communist countries which did not make his opposition comfortable (Evanson). In 1961 he resigned as president and his vice president, Joao Goulart, was to be made into president. However when this happened Joao was in China and some of the heads of the military tried to prevent him from becoming president because they thought he was a communist and they did not want a communist head of state (Breneman). On August 29, Congress voted against a motion to stop Joao Goulart from becoming president. This motion was brought to Congress by the heads of the three branches of the milit... ...w.fgv.br/CPDOC/BUSCA/Busca/BuscaConsultar.aspx>. "JOAO BELCHIOR MARQUES GOULART." Centro De Pesquisa E Documentaà §Ãƒ £o De Histà ³ria Contemporà ¢nea Do Brasil. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Rosenberg, Tina. Children of Cain: Violence and the Violent in Latin America. New York: Penguin, 1992. Print. "Superior Electoral Court - Brazil." Tribunal Superior Eleitoral. 3 Feb. 2011. Web. 28 Apr. 2011. . "TANCREDO DE ALMEIDA NEVES." Centro De Pesquisa E Documentaà §Ãƒ £o De Histà ³ria Contemporà ¢nea Do Brasil. Web. 20 Apr. 2011. . "A TORTURA NO REGIME MILITAR  « MANIFESTO JEOCAZ LEE-MEDDI." MANIFESTO JEOCAZ LEE-MEDDI. 13 Feb. 2010. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. . Brazil ´s Dictatorship and Military Regimes Essay -- military regimes, In our class we learned a lot about the various military regimes that occurred throughout Latin America. However out of all the ones we discussed, Brazil’s dictatorship was never mentioned. I decided to write about it, but at the same time also compare it to the other military regimes in Latin America. Unlike most of the other governments, Brazil’s military one was not as brutal. It in no way measured up to the brutality of the Argentinian dictatorship or the ruthlessness of the dictatorship in Bolivia. However it was not an easy time either. Many Brazilians were exiled and many lost their lives because of this oppressive government. To start it all off, the regime did not just occur from one day to the next. There were years of build up to the eventual bust up. Janio Quadros was elected as president in 1960 after Juscelino Kubitschek was in charge; he based his entire campaign on criticizing Juscelino and to outright corruption in his government. Taking his idea to a new level, Janio made his symbol a broom because he intended to clean the government up. Janio was only president for two years but during his tenure he increased Brazil’s relations with communist countries which did not make his opposition comfortable (Evanson). In 1961 he resigned as president and his vice president, Joao Goulart, was to be made into president. However when this happened Joao was in China and some of the heads of the military tried to prevent him from becoming president because they thought he was a communist and they did not want a communist head of state (Breneman). On August 29, Congress voted against a motion to stop Joao Goulart from becoming president. This motion was brought to Congress by the heads of the three branches of the milit... ...w.fgv.br/CPDOC/BUSCA/Busca/BuscaConsultar.aspx>. "JOAO BELCHIOR MARQUES GOULART." Centro De Pesquisa E Documentaà §Ãƒ £o De Histà ³ria Contemporà ¢nea Do Brasil. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Rosenberg, Tina. Children of Cain: Violence and the Violent in Latin America. New York: Penguin, 1992. Print. "Superior Electoral Court - Brazil." Tribunal Superior Eleitoral. 3 Feb. 2011. Web. 28 Apr. 2011. . "TANCREDO DE ALMEIDA NEVES." Centro De Pesquisa E Documentaà §Ãƒ £o De Histà ³ria Contemporà ¢nea Do Brasil. Web. 20 Apr. 2011. . "A TORTURA NO REGIME MILITAR  « MANIFESTO JEOCAZ LEE-MEDDI." MANIFESTO JEOCAZ LEE-MEDDI. 13 Feb. 2010. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. .